n Italy 1996.docx
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n Italy 1996.docx
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nItaly1996
EvolutionofCensusStatisticsonEnterprisesinItaly1996-2006:
fromtheTraditionalCensustoaRegisterofLocalUnits.
MonicaConsalvi,LuigiCostanzo,DanilaFilipponi(Istat)
1.Introduction
Intenyears,from1996to2006,Istathascompletelyreformedtheproductionofcensusstatisticsonenterprisesofindustryandservices.In1993,theEuropeanCommissionrequiredthememberStatestorealisebusinessregistersbasedonadministrativedata,tobeusedfortheyearlyproductionofharmonisedofficialstatisticsonthewholepopulationofnon-agriculturalenterprises,whereastheeconomicCensusesarenormallytakeneverytenyears.
In1996IstatstartedtheprojectoftheItalianBusinessRegister(BR),namedStatisticalRegisterofActiveEnterprises(ASIA).ASIAhasbeendevelopedthroughthestatisticalintegrationofdifferentadministrativesources,coveringtheentirepopulationofenterprisesofindustryandservices,otherminorarchivesavailable(coveringparticularsectors),andstructuralbusinessstatisticscurrentlyproducedbyIstat.Inordertoassessthereliabilityofthemethodologyappliedandtotestthedataquality,aspecial“mid-term”Censuswastakenin1998,whoseresultssubstantiallyconfirmedthevalidityofASIAasaproductionprocessaswellasintermsofdataproduced.
So,theCensusof2001(CIS)couldtakeadvantageofthesupportofASIA,thatmadepossibleimportantinnovationsinthesurveytechnique.Moreover,thecomparisonbetweentheBRandtheCensusmadepossibletomeasurethecoverageofbothsourceswithoutperformingapost-enumerationsurvey,andeventoidentifythemissingunitsandtointegratethemintheCensusdisseminationfile.
ThenextstepwasfillingthegapbetweenCensusandtheBRwiththeproductionofterritorialdataonenterprisesthroughtheimplementationinsideASIAofaregisteroflocalunits(ASIA-UL).Tobuildandupdatethisnewfeaturehasbeenorganisedayearlysurveyonthelocalunitsoflargeenterprises(IULGI).
Thispaperprovidesanoverviewoftheevolutionprocessthatledfromthetraditionalenumerationofeconomicactivitiestoanintegratedsystemofstatisticalproduction,thatcanbedefinedasacontinuousCensussinceitprovideseveryyearstatisticalinformationontheterritorialdistributionofeconomicactivitiesandtheemployment,sofaravailablethroughtheCensuseverydecade.
2.ThedevelopmentoftheItalianBusinessRegister(ASIA)
2.1Theexperimentalphase
InItaly,asignificantknowhowontheuseofadministrativearchivesforstatisticalpurposesstartedtodevelopsincetheendofthe80s,whenseveralexperimentalstudies,insideandouttheIstat,exploredthetechnicalfeasibilitytosetupastatisticalbusinessregister.
In1994,eventocomplywiththerequirementsoftheEU,IstatopenedacomplexprojectinordertoimplementanItalianBR,whosefirststepwastheproductionofafeasibilitystudy.Theworkgroupinchargedefineditsagendaasfollows:
a.Definitionofametadataframework;
b.Studyofthemainavailableadministrativearchives(definitionofunitsandcharacters,classificationsused,coverage,maintenanceandupdatingprocedures);
c.Developmentofa“metadatatranslator”,i.e.asetofrulestoconverttheadministrativedataintostatisticalinformation,byidentifyingthestatistically-relevantunitsamongthelegally-relevantones;
d.Setupofarobustmethodologytoestimate/validatethecharactersoftheidentifiedstatisticalunits.
TheacronymASIA(inItalian,ArchivioStatisticodelleImpreseAttive)wasadoptedandthedevelopmentoftheprojectwasoutlinedinthreemajorsteps.
Thefirstphase,startedin1995,consistedincreatingaprototypeoftheBRforthreeItalianprovinces,inordertotestthemethodologicalsolutionstobeadoptedfortheintegrationofadministrativearchives.Forthispurpose,differentlinkageproceduresanddifferentmethodologiesfortheimputationofmissingdatawereexperimented,andasetofrulesforcheckingtheattributesofstatisticalunitswasimplemented.
Thesecondphaseoftheprojectconsistedinextendingtheexperimenttotheentirenationalterritory.AfirstreleaseofASIA,asaresultofthelogicalandphysicalintegrationofadministrativeandstatisticalsources,wasissuedin1996(t)withreferencetotheyeart-2(1994).TheconstructionprocessoftheBRwasthencompletedin1997,byperformingaqualitycontrolofthepreviousreleases:
thatyearmicrodatafromASIA,referringto1995,weredisseminatedforthefirsttime.
Finally,inthethirdphase,carriedoutin1998-1999,theBRwasvalidatedthroughafieldsurvey,withaspecialIntermediateCensus.
2.2The1996IntermediateCensus
TheIntermediateCensushadadoubleaim.Asusual,itwasasurveytosupplyterritorialinformationontheeconomicstructureoftheCountrybut,atthesametime,itwasalsoageneralcheckoftheinformationabouttheactiveunitsrecordedintheBR.ThedirectsurveyregardedallthemediumandlargeenterprisesofindustryandservicesrecordedintheBR,and–amongthesmallerones–onlythosewithdiscordancesbetweendifferentadministrativesources(mainlyinthenumberofemployeesorintheactivitystatus).Alltheothersmallerunitsweresimplycheckedthroughadeskreview.Thequestionnairesweresentbymailand,incaseofmissingresponse,theunitswerecontactedbyphoneordirectlyonfieldbyinterviewers.
Thequestionnaireswerepartlypersonalisedwithpre-printedinformationdrawnfromtheBR.Theenterpriseswereonlyaskedtoconfirmortocorrecttheinformationincaseofvariationsand/orerrors,ifany.Alsothedateofthepossiblevariationwastobereported.
Comparedtothetraditionalcensus,thisorganisationimpliedsomeadvantages:
a)Ahighercoveragerate(about95%),thankstotheuseofadministrativesources;
b)Lessercostsandlesserburdenfortherespondents,thankstotheinnovationofthesurveytechnique(theunitssurveyedwereonlya15%oftheentireuniverse,andtheyhadtoanswerlessquestions);
c)Ashorteningofthedataprocessingand,then,abettertimelinessinthedatadissemination(thefinaloutputwasreleasedattheendofOctober1998,justaboutoneyearafterthesurvey’sbeginning).
ToevaluatetheoutcomeoftheIntermediateCensuswascarriedoutaspecificsurvey,showingtheoverallreliabilityoftheBR(seetab.1).However,theCensushighlightedtwomainerrorsintheBR:
a)Anover-coverageerror,i.e.theinclusionofunitsrecognizedasnotbelongingtotheobservationfield.Thiswasgenerallyduetoerrorsincodingtheeconomicactivity(especiallyforself-employersandenterpriseswithoutemployees,astheyarenotcoveredbyalltheavailablesources.
b)Anunder-coverageofsomeeconomicsector,suchasconstruction,transportationandtradingintermediation.
Moreover,table1reportsthediscordanceratesforthemaincharactersofthestatisticalunits,betweentheBRandtheCensussurvey(takingintoaccountthatpartoftheerrorisjustduetothetimereferencelag).
Tab.1-ConcordanceanddiscordancebymaincharactersofstatisticalunitsbetweentheBRandthe1996IntermediateCensus
Characters
Concordance
Discordance
Absolutevalues
Percentagevalues
Absolutevalues
Percentagevalues
Total
Ofwhichduetotimelag
ActivitystatusatDecember31,1995
340,808
93.6
23,471
6.4
n.a.
Economicactivitycode
322,844
88.6
41,434
11.4
1.9
Enterprisename
346,865
95.2
17,413
4.8
2.8
Address
288,278
79.1
76,000
20.9
6.7
Juridicalstatus
350,453
96.2
13,825
3.8
1.9
Numberofemployees
317,905
94.0
20,351
6.0
n.a.
2.3Datadisseminationandthere-engineeringoftheBRInformationSystem
InDecember1998theIntermediateCensusdataweredisseminatedviaInternet,throughaDataWarehouse.Forthefirsttimeuserswereallowedtocreatebythemselvestablescomparingthe1996datawiththosefromthepreviousCensuses(upto1971).Theadvantagesofthistoolofdatadisseminationwereahigherinformationdetail,thecustomisableelaborations,adatabasethatcouldbequeriedviaInternetinrealtime,andfreeaccess/downloadatanylevel.TheDataWarehouserepresentedthepivotoftheCensus’disseminationplan.
Thisdisseminationapproachrequiredare-engineeringoftheBRInformationSystemthroughtherealisationofarelationaldatabase.Theinformationsystemcontainsthehistoricalinformationofthestatisticalunitssince1996i.e.thevaluesoftheirmaincharactersovertheyears.Therelationaldatabasewasrealisedin1999,withthelogicalandconceptualstudyofthedatabaseandthephysicalrealisationofitsfirstfunctions,navigation,visualisation,updating.Inthedatabasesomemetadatawerealsoincluded:
theprocedureusedforcharacterattribution(imputationmodel,estimation,directlyfromsurvey,etc.);theproductionprocess(survey,integrationofadministrativeregisters);thesourceofthedata;whetherchangesoccurringintheperiodarevariationsoradjustments;reliabilityofdata(withreferencetothegeneratingprocessandsources).
Afterthefirstset-upoftheregister,in1999beganthedevelopmentofamultipleupdatingprocedure.Sincerecordedunitsdonothavethesamestatisticalweight,theupdatingprocedureofASIAwasdifferentiatedbysizeclasses.Simplifying,wecansaythatthesmallunits(upto9employees),correspondingapproximatelytothe95%oftherecordedunits,areyearlyupdatedbytheintegrationprocessofadministrativesources;thecharactersofthemediumsizedunits(10to249employees)areupdateddirectlyfromstatisticalsources(SBS/STS,thatcollecttheneededdatathroughanadditionalform)andthe
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