非谓语动词.docx
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非谓语动词.docx
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非谓语动词
非谓语动词
一、动词不定式
(一)不定式(todo)的用法
1.作主语:
Toseeistobelieve.
It’sdifficultforhimtofinishthetaskinsuchashorttime.
It’sfoolishofhimtosayso.
2.作宾语:
了解哪些动词后接动词不定式作宾语
decide,want,plan,hope,wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,manage,prefer,wouldlike(love),expect等;
但有些动词后同时可用todo/doing作宾语,但意思不同:
try,mean,stop,forget,remember,regret,goon;
3.作宾补:
(1)todo作宾补:
ask,expect,want,wish,prefer,wouldlike,promise,allow,permit,forbid,advise等;
(2)do作宾补:
感官动词及使役动词(feel,hear,listento,notice,see,watch,let,have,make等)
注意:
but后动词的形式:
havenochoicebuttodo…../can’tchoose(help)butdo……/candonothingbutdo…..
Shecoulddonothingbutwait.
Ihadnochoicebuttowaitformymumtoreturn.
4.作定语:
Ihavemanyfriendstohelpme,soI’msureIwillsucceed.
Ihaveameetingtoattend.
注意:
(1)不定式修饰前面的名词,且有动宾关系时,不及物动词后面要加上适当的介词:
He’slookingforaroomtolivein.
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
但不定式所修饰的名词如为time,place,way时,不定式后面的介词习惯省去:
Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).
(2)不定式作定语时的语态确定:
A:
根据上下文是否出现动作执行者而定;不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式;不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式;
Haveyouanythingelseto__________(say)foryourselves?
I’mgoingtoShanghaitomorrow.Haveyougotanythingtobetakentoyoursister?
I’mgoingtodothewashing.Haveyouanything_________(wash)?
Ifso,bringthemhereandI’llwashthemforyou.
Hereisapaperforyou_______(read).
Haveyougotakey______(unlock)thedoor?
Iknowwhat______(do).
I’vegotaletter_______(answer).
B:
不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式;
Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.
Themanishardtoworkwith.
5.作状语:
(1)目的状语:
Icameheretoseeyou.
Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.
Weranallthewaysoasnotto/inordernottobelate.
Tosleeplatethenextmorning,heturnedoffthealarmclock.
(2)原因状语:
Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenewsthatourteamhadwonthegame.
(3)结果状语:
(……enoughtodo…./too……todo…../so…….astodo….)
Willyoubekindenoughtohelpmewiththecase?
=Willyoubesokindastohelpmewiththecase?
注意:
A:
表示结果的状语有两种:
doing表示前面这动作自然引起后面的动作;(only/never)todo表示出乎意料,如:
Theboy’sparentsbothdiedintheaccident,leavinghimanorphan.
Ihurriedtoschoolwithoutbreakfast,onlytofinditwasSundayandthattherewasnobodyintheclassroom.
B:
●too…….to与not,never,only,but,all连用时,too的含义为very;
It’snevertoolatetolearn.
I’monlytoogladtoseeyouhere.
●too…….to结构中有下列形容词,表示肯定意思:
glad,pleased,delighted,anxious,eager,ready,willing,easy,surprised,kind等;
Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.
6.表语:
Myjobistolookaftertheseyoungchildren.
Whathewantedtodonowwasgoandexpresshisgreatthankstohisteacherandfriends.
7.作独立成份:
totell(you)thetruth,tobehonest(frank),tostartwith,tomakethingsworse,tomakealongstoryshort,tobeexact
8.疑问词+todo作主、宾、表等:
Hedidn’tknowwhattodo.
Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.
Idon’tknowwhethertogoornot.(不用if)
疑问词why不与todo连用:
Whynotgoandhavearest?
二、动词不定式的时态及语态:
时态:
todo,tobedoing,tohavedone
(1)It’ssaid(reported/believed/thought/considered…..)thatsb………
=Sb.issaidtodo/tobedoing/tohavedone…….
Heissaid____________(study)abroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryhestudiedin/isstudyingin/willstudy.
(2)Ithappenedthatsb………=Sb.happenedtodo/tobedoing/tohavedone……
Hehappened_______(do)hishomeworkwhenhisfatherenteredtheroom.
(3)pretend/seem/appeartodo/tobedoing/tohavedone
Sheseemed_________(learn)thebadnews.Listen,sheiscryinginherroom.
语态:
It’spossibleforourhopes___________(realize)inthenearfuture.
Heasked______________(send)toworkinthewesternpartofthecountry.
三、不定式符号的保留:
在expect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wish,hope,try,beglad(happy),wouldlike(love)后为避免重复省略后面的动词,但不定式符号to须保留:
-----AreyougoingtovisittheGreatWall?
-----Yes,Iwishto(gothere).
-----Wouldyouliketogoskatingwithmethisafternoon?
------Yes,I’dliketo(go),butI’mafraidIwon’tbefree.
但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,havebeen等时,这些词保留:
-----Areyouonholiday?
-----No,butI’dliketobe.
-----Didyoutellhimthedateoftheparty?
------No,butIoughttohave.
-----Haveyoubeentoldaboutthemeeting?
-----No.------Oh,yououghttohavebeen.
二、动名词(doing)
(一)动名词的用法:
1.主语
Seeingisbelieving.
Walkingisagoodformofexercise.
It’snouse(good)arguingwithhim./Thereisnouse(good)arguingwithhim.
注意:
doing与todo都可作主语,doing作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性的行为或强调概念;todo作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playingwithfireisdangerous.
2.表语:
Herjobisteaching.
3.宾语:
记住哪些动词后面须用doing作宾语:
finish,enjoy,mind,feellike,keep,practise,miss,suggest,can’thelp,imagine,mention,forgive,excuse,dislike,putoff,avoid,admit,appreciate,giveup,allow,permit,forbid,advise,escape,include,can’tstand,catchsb.(doing),等;
注意:
(1)某些动词后既可用todo也可用doing作宾语,但意思不同,如:
forget,remember,regret,try,goon,stop,mean;
①-----Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.
----Well,Iregret______(doing)sonow.
②Iregret______(tell)youthatonlyhalfofyoupassedtheexam.
③-----Look,thelightisstillon.
----Oh,Iforgot___________(turn)itoff.
④-----Haveyoureturnedthedictionarytohim?
-----Well,Iremember______(give0itbacktohimassoonasIsawhim.
⑤-----I’veknockedatthefrontdoortwice,butitseemsnobodyisin.
----Whynottry______(knock)athirdtime?
⑥Missingthistrainmeans_______(wait)foranothertwohours.
⑦Hewassotiredthathestopped______(rest)
(2)在allow,permit,forbid,advise后接doing作宾语,接todo作宾补;
Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.
Wedon’tallowstudentstosmokehere.
(3)当need,want,require作“需要”解释,且主语与后面的动词有被动关系时,结构为:
need/want/requiredoing(tobedone)
Theroofoftheofficebuildingneedsrepairing/toberepaired.
(4)beworthdoing/beworthyofbeingdone(beworthytobedone)
Hismethodiswellworthtrying.=Hismethodisworthyofbeingtried(isworthytobetried).
Thisinterestingfilmisworthseeingasecondtime.
(5)在动词短语devoteto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto,bebusy,objectto,havedifficulty(trouble),haveawonderfultime,haveahardtime,feellike,getdownto,there’snouse(good),there’snosense(point)等后面用doing;
(6)start/begin后面可接todo也可接doing,但在下列情况下接todo:
A:
主语是表示物的名词时:
Itstartedtosnowsuddenly.
B:
当start与begin以进行时出现时:
Heisbeginningtocookdinner.
C:
当后面作宾语的动词为感情、思想、意念时:
Ibegantounderstandwhathemeant.
4.作定语:
(表示所修饰名词的特点、用途及性质)
areadingroom(aroomforreading),asleepingcar,awalkingstick,waitingroom,runningshoes,flyingsuit
(二)动名词的复合结构:
(1)否定结构:
notdoing
(2)执行者+doing
●形容词性物主代词(his)或人称代词宾格(him)+doing
●名词所有格(Mary’s)或普通格(Mary)+doing
这两个复合结构在句中充当宾语:
Shedidn’tmindhim/his/Jack/Jack’scryingandwentondoingthewashing.
★如复合结构在句中充当主语,则用形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格+doing:
Hiscomingtomybirthdaypartymademehappy.
Mary’scryingloudlymadehimangry.
Hisnotbeingallowedtovisithissickmothermadehimunhappy.
◆但如动名词的复合结构作宾语,且其执行者(逻辑主语)为无生命的名词或不定代词(something,somebody等)时,用名词的普通格:
Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthegame?
Heinsistsontheplanbeingcarriedoutatonce.
Thenoiseofdesksandchairsbeingopenedandclosedcouldbeheardoutinthestreet.
(三)动名词的时态及语态:
时态:
doing/havingdone
语态:
beingdone/havingbeendone
Nobodylikesbeinglaughedatinpublicplaces.
Idon’trememberbeinggiven(havingbeengiven)achancetodoit.
Iremembergivinghimachancetodoit.
Heregrettedaccepting(havingaccepted)hergift.
Hewasafraidof_________(leave)aloneathome.
三、分词:
现在分词doing及过去分词done
(一)作状语(表示伴随、原因、条件、让步等):
时态:
doing/havingdone(表示主动);done/havingbeendone(表示被动)
(否定结构:
notdoing,nothavingdone/notdone,nothavingbeendone)
A:
根椐例句把下面从句改为分词结构:
Model:
Whenhewascrossingthestreet,hemetaclassmateofhis.
=Crossingthestreet,hemetaclassmateofhis.
Ashewascriticizedbytheteacher,hefeltsad.
=Criticizedbytheteacher,hefeltsad.
1.WhileIwastryingtoopenthedoor,Ihadmyfingerhurt.
___________________________________________________________.
2.Asshedidn’thaveacar,shefounditdifficulttogetaround.
___________________________________________________________.
3.Ifit’stakenontime,themedicinewillwork.
___________________________________________________________.
4.AlthoughIhadseenthefilmtwice,Iwenttothecinemaagain.
___________________________________________________________.
5.Afterhetookakeyoutofhispocket,heopenedthedoor.
___________________________________________________________.
6.Asshewasanxioustopleasehim,sheboughthimanicepresent.
___________________________________________________________.
7.Astheboywasill,hehadtostayinbed.
___________________________________________________________.
8.Althoughhehadn’tbeeninvitedtotheparty,hestillwentthere.
___________________________________________________________.
9.AsIwasn’tabletoworkouttheproblem,Iaskedtheteacherforhelp.
___________________________________________________________.
10.Afterhewasencouragedbytheteacher,hedecidedtoworkharder.
___________________________________________________________.
11.Hebecamenervouswhenhewasquestionedaboutthemurderbythepolice.
____________________________________________________________.
12.Ashehadn’treceivedherreply,hedecidedtoe-mailheragain.
____________________________________________________________.
13.Wedidn’tbakeanycakes,sowehadnothingtoeatlater.
______
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