英语词汇学资料续.docx
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英语词汇学资料续.docx
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英语词汇学资料续
ChapterFive:
WordMeaningandComponentialAnalysis
5.1Wordmeaning
word,reference,andconcept
1)Wordsandconceptsareinseparable.
2)Wordsandconceptsarenotidentical
a)Onlynotionalwordsreflectthings.Formwordsarenotrelatedtoanyactualthinginreallife.Theyareabstractionofgrammaticalrelations.
b)Thesameconceptcanbeexpressedbydifferentwords:
underground,tube,subway,allmeanthesamething.
SenseandReference
Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.(Lyons,1968).
Thesenseofanexpressionmaybedefinedastheset,ornetwork,ofsense-relationsthatholdbetweenitandotherexpressionsofthesamelanguage.(Lyons,1995)
Therelationshipbywhichlanguagehooksontotheworldisusuallycalledreference.Thesemanticlinksbetweenelementswithinthevocabularysystemisanaspectoftheirsense,ormeaning.(Saeed,1997:
12)
Senserelations
Therelationsmayincludelexicalrelations(suchasparadigmaticandsyntagmaticrelations,polysemy,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,meronymy,member-collection,portion-mass,etc.)andsentencerelations(suchaslogicandtruthvalue,entailment,presup-position,etc.).
ArbitrarinessandMotivation
What’sinaname?
thatwhichwecallarose
Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.
5.2Motivation
aconceptionthattheconnectionbetweennameandsenseisnotarbitrary,butcanbeexplained,orismotivated.
Typesofmotivation
1)OnomatopoeicMotivation:
ducks(quack),frogs(croak),lions(roar),wolves(howl)
2)MorphologicalMotivation:
landlord,leader
3)SemanticMotivation
thePentagon
thefootofthemountain
ThepathtoNovemberwasuphillalltheway.
4)EtymologicalMotivation
Itreferstothemotivationconnectedtotheoriginoftheword.
5.3TypesofMeaning(p.103)
DenotationandConnotation
▪“Rose”denotes“aflower”,butconnotes“love”.
▪“Lion”denotes“ananimal”,butconnotes“bravery”.
ConceptualandAssociativeMeaning
Contextandwordmeaning
Literalmeaning----themeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.
Contextual(Actual)meaning----themeaningofwordusedinacertaincontext.Theroleofcontextinthedeterminationofmeaning:
1)Emotive(affective)meaning.
2)Meaning-area.Onlythecontextcandeterminetheextensionofthewordinanysituation.Manasopposedtoanimalcoversthewholeof“mankind”:
asopposedtowomanonlyonehalfofit.
3)Shifts.Onlythecontextcantellwhetherhealthyismeantas“havinggoodhealth”oras“conducivetohealth”.
4)Ambiguity.
Lexicalambiguity:
▪Thebatwasfoundintheattic.
▪Themandecidedtowaitbythebank.
Syntacticambiguity:
▪Oldmenandwomentookpartintheparade.
▪visitingrelativescanbeanuisance.
▪Marymadeherdresscorrectly.
5)Homonyms.
Thesheepwereinthepen.
Ileftmypenonthedesk.
Summary
Wordmeaning----1)grammaticalmeaning
2)lexicalmeaning
Thewordformsgo,goes,went,gone,possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaningoftense,buthavethesamelexicalmeaning.
Lexicalmeaning----a)conceptualmeaning
b)associativemeaning.
Leech’sclassificationofwords’meaning
1.Conceptualmeaning(denotativemeaning;cognitivemeaning)(概念义)Itisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary,andthefirstcomponentofthelexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible,forwordshaveessentiallythesameconceptualmeaningforallspeakersofthatlanguage.
child;woman;tiger;
operation(手术;操作;经商;作战;运算)
2.Associative(connotative)meaning(联想/内涵义)
Woman:
(Anyway,sheisawoman.)
frail,pronetotears,emotional,inconstant…
gentle,compassionate,hard-working,sympathetic…
Achildisachild.
traditional;home;thelostlamb
Moreexamples:
old(andwornout)blue(anddown-hearted)
long(andtiresome)heavy(anddull)
green(andinexperienced)rough(anduncultured)
sweet(andlovely)slippery(andunreliable)
plain(andtasteless)deep(andlearned)
3.Social(Stylistic)meaning(社会/文体义)
Itisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstanceofits
use.
domicile(veryformal);residence(formal);abode(poetic);home(general);
cast(literary,biblical);throw(general);chuck(casual,slang)
•Theychunkedastoneatthecops,andthendidabunkwiththeloot.
•Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney.
4.Affectivemeaning(情感义)
Itreferstothatcomponentofmeaningwhichexpressesthespeaker‟semotion:
appreciativeneutralpejorative
slimthinskinny
famouswell-knownnotorious
innovativenewnewfangled
intercedeinterveneinterfere
•Youareavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate.
•Janeisanangelofagirl.
5.Collocativemeaning(搭配义)consistsoftheassociationsawordacquireson
accountofthemeaningofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment:
6.Reflectivemeaning(反映义)
AnexampleofWaterCloset
W.C.;toilet;lavatory;washroom;bathroom;
Men‟sroom;Gentleman‟s
Women‟sroom;powderroom
•LastnightIwenttovisitJohntwice.
•---“IwonderifIcangosomewhere?
”
---“Yes,youcangoanywhereinChina.”
7.Semanticmeaning(主题义)
ChapterSixSenseRelations
6.1Polysemy
Itisusedofawordhavingtwoormorecloselyrelatedmeanings(apluralityof
meaning).
Diachronicapproachtopolysemy
understoodasthegrowthanddevelopmentor,ingeneral,achangeinthe
semanticstructureoftheword.
e.g.table:
1)apieceoffurniture;
2)thepersonsseatedatatable(tokeepthetableamused;Thewholetablegot
excitedatthenews.);
3)(sing.only)thefoodputonatable,meals(tokeepagood,poortable);
4)aflatslabofstoneorwoodusedforinscriptions;
5)wordscutintoitorwrittenonit(thetentables);
6)anorderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.(tableofcontents);
7)partofmachinetoolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedon;
8)alevelarea,aplateau.
Synchronicapproachtopolysemy
understoodasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordatacertainhistoricalperiodofthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.
Twoprocessesleadtopolysemy:
1.Radiation:
asemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandsecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Eachofthemisindependentofalltherestandmaybetracedbacktothecentralsignification.Forexample:
head
Centralmeaning:
thetoppartofabody
1)topofanything:
the~ofawalkingstick;
2)thehighestoruppermostpartofathing:
the~ofabed;
3)thetopormostimportantend:
the~ofthetable(queue);
4)achieforleader;~ofstate(ofadelegation);
5)headsortails(ofcoin);
6)thesourceofastream,spring:
the~oftheriver;
7)thehydraulicsense:
twentymeters~ofwaters;
8)aunitofmeasurement:
countheads,fourdollarsahead,tenheadofcattle;
9)themainpoints:
theheadsofthediscourse;
10)mentalpower:
useyour~.
2.Concatenation:
(连锁联结)
thesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsignificationbysuccessiveshiftsofmeaninguntil,inmanycases,thereisnotashadowofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadinitattheoutset.
Cheater---(fromlateMiddleEnglish)其原意为“anofficerwhoattendedtoescheats”即,看管领主的土地的官吏。
后因这种人常常损公肥私成为不老实的人,现在作“骗子”解。
此义与原义已失去联系。
candidate---ofLatinoringincandidatus(white-robed),meaningapersondressedinwhite,后用来指“穿白衣的谋求公职的人”(awhite-robedseekerforoffice)。
这与古罗马的风俗有关,当时凡候选人参加选举时均需穿上白衣。
随着语言的发展,“穿白衣的”的原始意义丧失,只保留“候选人”(aseekerforoffice)一义。
显然,此义与原义已经分离。
6.2Homonymy
Homonymsarewordsdifferentinmeaningandeitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinspellingorsound.
ClassificationofEnglishhomonyms
1)Perfect(Absolute)homonyms
wordsidenticalbothinsoundandinspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.long(extended,notshort),long(todesire,yearn);
yard(anenclosedspace),yard(aunitofmeasure)
base(基础),base(卑鄙的);bark(树皮),bark(狗吠);ball(球),ball(舞会);seal(海豹),seal(印章);match(比赛),match(火柴)
2)Homographs----wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning:
bow(鞠躬),bow(弓箭);lead(引领),lead(铅);wind(风),wind(绕);sewer(排水管),sewer(缝纫者)
3)Homophones----wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning:
air,heir;ore,oar;son,sun;pair,pear;sight,sitecite;scent,cent,sent;some,sum;piece,peace;see,sea.
4)Homoforms----wordsquitedifferentinmeaningbutidenticalinsomeoftheirgrammaticalforms:
bound:
pastandpastperfectofbind
bound:
tobound(tojump);bound(n.=limit);bound(adj.=readytostart).南京市长江大桥欢迎您
“象样”的打折!
Polysemyandhomonymy
Polysemyisanaturalsequenceofsenseshiftundergonebywordsindifferentcontext.Incaseofhomonymythedifferentmeaningsofwordsaremutuallyindependent,andthereisnoconnectionbetweensuchwords,thoughtheyhavethesamepronunciationand/orspelling.
6.3Synonyms(p.123)
Hemisplacedhiswallet.(suitcase?
)
Hemislaidhiswallet.(suitcase?
)
1.Definitionofsynonyms(cf.p.123,p.124)
TwoormorewordsoftheEnglishlanguage,belongingtothesamepartofspeechandpossessingoneormoreidenticalornearlyidenticaldenotationalmeaningsinterchangeableatleastinsomecontexts,butdifferentinsoundform,spelling,shadesofmeaning,connotationsandidiomaticuse.
2.Typesofsynonyms(P.124)
1)absolute(exact,complete,perfect)synonyms
2)relative(partial,near,loose)synonyms
Relativesynonymsdenotedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality;
beautiful---good-looking---handsome---pretty;
big---large---huge---tremendous---colossal;
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