外文翻译水平处理技术创新.docx
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外文翻译水平处理技术创新.docx
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外文翻译水平处理技术创新
Aninnovationinhorizontalprocessing
PeterLymnandKenBishop
CEMCOFSLLtd,Waterlooville,UK
Abstract
Purpose–Thepurposeofthispaperistodetailaninnovativenewequipmentenhancementforuseinthehorizontalprocessingofprintedcircuitboards(PCBs).
Design/methodology/approach–Thepaperdescribesanon-contactlaminarorstreamlineflowprocesschamber.Italsodescribesatransportandguidingmethodsuitableforboththickandthinmaterialsandexpandsonthemechanicsandfluiddynamicsthatfurtherreduceequipmentlengthandoperatingcost.
Findings–Thenewprocesschamberanditsrelatedenhancementsresultinafasterandmoreuniformchemicalreactionthanisobtainablewithconventionalfloodchambers.Thisenablestheequipmenttohavereducedlengthandtoofferreducedoperatingcosts.
Originality/value–Thepaperpresentsanewapproachtohorizontalprocessingthatcanofferreducedequipmentfootprintsandreductionsinoperatingcosts.
KeywordsProcessmanagement,Printedcircuits,Conveyors,Chemicaltechnologyprocess
Introduction
Printedcircuitboard(PCB)fabricatorshaveusedhorizontalrollerconveyerstotransportcoppercladlaminatethroughchemicalspraytreatmentchambersformanyyears.Thesesimpleconveyorisedsprayprocessorshaveevolvedovertimetoaccommodatemuchthinnermaterials,butthecomplicationofguidingandsupportingthemthroughsprayjetsgenerallymeanstwotypesofmachinearerequired;oneforthick,rigidmaterialandanotherlonger,morecomplexsystemforverythinorflexiblesubstrates.Morerecently,thistypeofequipmenthasbeenfurtheradaptedtoincorporateimmersionchambersforplatingandothersurfacetreatmentprocesseswheresprayjetsarenotsuitable.Theneedtocontainthestaticheadabovetherollertransportsystemandtherelativelylongcontacttimesrequiredforimmersionprocessesmakethesesystemsevenlongerandmorecomplex.Thispaperdescribesanon-contactlaminarorstreamlineflowprocesschamberthatresultsinafasterandmoreuniformchemicalreactionthanisobtainablewithconventionalfloodchambers.Italsodescribesatransportandguidingmethodsuitableforboththickandthinmaterialsandexpandsonthemechanicsandfluiddynamicsthatfurtherreduceequipmentlengthandoperatingcost.
Chemicalprocesschamber
Inconventionalimmersionchambers,fluidispumpedfromasumptoadammedrollerconveyorchamber.Thesolutionistypicallyre-circulatedatarateoffivetimesthechambervolumeperminutethroughmanifoldspositionedbetweenconveyorrollers.Transportationisachievedbyusingrollerwheelsto
avoidexcessivemaskingofthepanelbeingprocessed.Thiscombinationoffloodedjetandrollerwheeltransportresultsinchaoticturbulentzoneswithinarelativelystagnantbathandcanleadtovariablechemicalreactionacrossthepanel.The“FluidEngine”immersionchambers,bycontrast,providelaminarflowupto100×thechambervolumeperminuteorinexcessof11mperminute,resultinginfaster,moreuniformreactions.Theenginecomprisestwoplatesclosedateachsidetoformanarrowchamber.Fluidcontainmentrollers,mountedattheentryandexitofthechamber,pushandpullbothflexibleandrigidmaterialsthroughit.Fluidisinjectedatthecentreofeachplateproducingalaminarflowtowardstheentryandexitendsofthechamber(Figure1).
Thislaminarflowresultsinsteadyboundarylayersaboveandbelowthematerialbeingprocessed,helpingtoguideitthroughtheprocesschamber.TheleadingandtrailingedgesoftheplatesareshapedtoproduceaCoandaeffect,divertingtheboundarylayerdiffusionpointawayfromthepanelentryandexitzones.Thismaintainsthestreamlineflowanddivertsfluidabovetheplates,preventingfloodingandmaterialdeflection.TheCoandaeffectwasdiscoveredbyHenri-MarieCoanda,aRomanianbornaeronauticalengineer,andisnamedafterhim.TheCoanda,orwallattachment,effectisthetendencyforamovingfluidtoattachitselftoasurfaceandflowalongit.Whenafluidmovesacrossasurface,africtionalforceoccursbetweenthefluidandthesurfaceandslowsitdown.Thisresistancetotheflowpullsthefluidtowardsthesurface,causingthefluidtosticktothesurface.Therefore,afluidflowingfromanozzlewillfollowanearbycurvedsurfaceifthecurvatureofthesurfaceisnottoosharp.
Figure1Diagrammaticviewofthefluidengineshowingthelaminar
flowandtheCoandaeffect
Dualfeedengine
Somechemicalprocessesassociatedwiththeprintedcircuitindustryrequireagas(normallyoxygenintheformofair)tobeintroducedatthepointofcontactofthechemicalwiththepanelbeingprocessed.Adualfluidversionofthe“StreamlineFluidEngine”thatsimultaneouslyfeedsgasandliquidtothedischargeslotsprovidesthisfacility,whilemaintainingthecharacteristicsassociatedwiththestandard“FluidEngine”.ThedesignofthisengineisshowninFigure2.
Thegasisfedunderpressuretotheoutergasplenum(showningreen)thatisseparatedfromtheliquidplenumbyapermeablemembrane.Thebaseplatehasaseriesofcloselyspacedholesthatnormallyconnectthebaseplatedirectlytotheliquidplenumacrossthewidth.Inthedualfeedheadtheliquidplenumhasaseriesoftubesthatconnectthegasplenumtothebaseplate.Thesetubesarepitchedsuchthattheylineupwitheveryotherholeinthebaseplateandsealtheholesfromtheliquidintheplenum.Therefore,gasandliquidaredeliveredsidebysideacrossthewidthofthepanelthroughalternateholes.Figure2showshowbothgasandchemicalreachtheoutputjets.Thelowerheadshowsthepaththatthegastakestoreachthejetsandtheupperheadshowshowthechemicaldoes.Gasisshownasgreenandchemicalasblue.
Figure2Dualfluidenginetointroduceagasintothechemicalstream
Fluidknife
Whereitisnecessarytoremovechemicalsfromthepanelbydilution,orwherehighfluidimpingementisrequiredtowetblindfeatures,ashorterversionofthefluidengine,knownasafluidknife,isused.Typically,thisfluidknifeisusedforwaterrinsingafterachemicalprocessorpre-treatingpriortoachemicalprocess(Figure3).
Thefluidknifeconsiderablyreducesboththeconveyorlengthandthepowerrequiredtopumpsolutionontothepanel.Forexample,asinglefluidknifeprovidesasolutionrateof40Lperminuteusinga110Wpump,comparedtoamoreconventionalsprayrinsethatdelivers28Lperminutefroma750Wpump.Similarly,thefluidkniferequiresonly170mmofconveyorlengthcomparedto240mmforthesprayrinse.Aswiththefluidengine,thinmaterialtransportisassistedbythefluidflowcharacteristics,althoughtheproportionallylowerflowrateavoidstheneedfortheoverheadfluiddeflection,theupperoutflowbeingdeflectedtothesides.TheliquidthatescapestoeachsideofthepanelsisdeflecteddownwardusingtheCoandaeffectguidesonthebottomknifeandajetdeflectorontheexitoftheupperknife.Thisnegatestheneedforsegmentedcontainmentrollersorextendedentryandexitzones(Figure4).
Figure3Fluidknifeshowingpassageofpanelthroughknifeandflowoffluid
Figure4Fluidknifeshowingfluidflowingtothesideofapanel
passingthroughtheknife
Jetknife
Thejetknifeprovidesmultipleupperandlowerhighimpingementconventionalsprayjetstodisplacesalts,fluxesandother“contaminants”thatarenotreadilydissolved.Theoffsetopposingjetsbalancematerialbetweentherollersandtheportedentryandexitguidesensurecontactlessentryandexittothesprayzone.Drainageholesinthelowerchamberensurethatfluidisdispersedquicklyanddoesnotfloodovertheisolationrollers.Thespacerequiredisthesameasforafluidknife,butitrequiresahigherpowerpump.ThejetknifecanbeseeninFigure5.
Figure5Jetknife
Dryingwithafluidknife
Basedontheknivesoriginallydevelopedandpatentedforhotairlevelling,thesesingleslotknivesareshapedsothatapressuredifferentialisproducedbetweentheupperandlowersurfacesofthepanel.Eachknifehasaseriesofslotscutintheleadingedgeseparatedbynarrowpanelguides.Thecutoutin
thelowerknifeisshapedsothatairleavingthelowerjetexpandsrapidlyproducingalow-pressureareabelowthepanel(Figure6).
Figure6Dryingknife
Thislow-pressuredrawswaterfromtheholesbeforethepanelreachestheairjetanddirectsittothebottomofthedryingchamber.Theforcecreatedbythepressuredifferenceeithersideofthepanelalsostabilisesthepanel’spositioninrelationtothelowerknifeanditsintegralguidingsystem.Whendryingthickermaterial,problemscanbeencounteredwherewaterisleftonthetrailingedgeofthepanel.Althoughthewaterisremovedfromthesurfacebythejets,asmallamountremainsalongthetrailingverticalfaceofthepanel
andreturnstothehorizontalfaceoncethepanelisclearofthejets.Thethickerthepanel,themorewaterislikelytoremainthere.Afluidknifeincorporatingtheinclinedknifetechnique,describedinanearlierdryerpatent,cansuccessfullyremovewaterfromthetrailingedge.Inthisdesign,theairjetisinclinedacrossthewidthoftheconveyor.Waterisremovedfromthesurfaceanddrivenacrossthepanelandeffectively“wiped”offthetrailingfacebythejets.Eachparalleljetknifesetoccupiesthespaceofjusttworollerpitches.Owingtotheangleoftheslotusedintheinclinedjetknifeproducingawiderunitthisdesignoccupiesfourconveyorslots.Additionalspaceisneededtopreventpressurisationofprecedingchambersbytheairfromthejets,thisspacebeingfilledwithconveyorro
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