《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译.docx
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《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译.docx
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《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译
Unit1ChemicalIndustry
化学工业
1.OriginsoftheChemicalIndustry
Althoughtheuseofchemicalsdatesbacktotheancientcivilizations,theevolutionofwhatweknowasthemodernchemicalindustrystartedmuchmorerecently.
Since1940thechemicalindustryhasgrownataremarkablerate,
Thechemicalindustrytodayisaverydiversesectorofmanufacturingindustry,withinwhichitplaysacentralrole.
2.DefinitionoftheChemicalIndustry
Attheturnofthecenturytherewouldhavebeenlittledifficultyindefiningwhatconstitutedthechemicalindustrysinceonlyaverylimitedrangeofproductswasmanufacturedandthesewereclearlychemicals
Itisthereforeapparentthat,becauseofitsdiversityofoperationsandcloselinksinmanyareaswithotherindustries,thereisnosimpledefinitionofthechemicalindustry.
3.TheNeedforChemicalIndustry
Thechemicalindustryisconcernedwithconvertingrawmaterials,suchascrudeoil,firstlyintochemicalintermediatesandthenintoatremendousvarietyofotherchemicals.Itmayseemstrangeintextbookthisonetoposethequestion“doweneedachemicalindustry?
”Howevertryingtoanswerthisquestionwillprovide(ⅰ)anindicationoftherangeofthechemicalindustry’sactivities,(ⅱ)itsinfluenceonourlivesineverydayterms,and(ⅲ)howgreatissociety’sneedforachemicalindustry.Ourapproachinansweringthequestionwillbetoconsidertheindustry’scontributiontomeetingandsatisfyingourmajorneeds.Whatarethese?
Clearlyfood(anddrink)andhealthareparamount.Otherwhichweshallconsiderintheirturnareclothingand(briefly)shelter,leisureandtransport.
(1)Food.
(2)Health.(3)Clothing.
Paralleldevelopmentsinthediscoveryofmodernsyntheticdyesandthetechnologyto“bond”themtothefiberhasresultedinatremendousincreaseinthevarietyofcolorsavailabletothefashiondesigner.
Othermajoradvancesinthisspherehavebeenincolor-fastness,i.e.,resistancetothedyebeingwashedoutwhenthegarmentiscleaned.
(4)Shelter,leisureandtransport.Intermsofshelterthecontributionofmodernsyntheticpolymershasbeensubstantial.
Plasticsandpolymershavemadeaconsiderableimpactonleisureactivitieswithapplicationsrangingfromall-weatherartificialsurfacesforathletictracks,footballpitchesandtenniscourtstonylonstringsforracquetsanditemslikegolfballsandfootballsmadeentirelyfromsyntheticmaterials.
Likewisethechemicalindustry’scontributiontotransportovertheyearshasledtomajorimprovements.
Soitisquiteapparentevenfromabrieflookatthechemicalindustry’scontributiontomeetingourmajorneedsthatlifeintheworldwouldbeverydifferentwithouttheproductsoftheindustry.
4.ResearchandDevelopment(R&D)inChemicalIndustries
Oneofthemainreasonsfortherapidgrowthofthechemicalindustryinthedevelopedworldhasbeenitsgreatcommitmentto,andinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment(R&D).
Thechemicalindustryisaveryhightechnologyindustrywhichtakesfulladvantageofthelatestadvancesinelectronicsandengineering.
Individualmanufacturingplantshavecapacitiesrangingfromjustafewtonesperyearinthefinechemicalsareatotherealgiantsinthefertilizerandpetrochemicalsectorswhichrangeupto500,000tonnes.
Themajorchemicalcompaniesaretrulymultinationalandoperatetheirsalesandmarketingactivitiesinmostofthecountriesoftheworld,andtheyalsohavemanufacturingunitsinanumberofcountries.
Unit2ResearchandDevelopment
研究和开发
Researchanddevelopment,orR&Dasitiscommonlyreferredto,isanactivitywhichiscarriedoutbyallsectorsofmanufacturingindustrybutitsextentvariesconsiderably,aswewillseeshortly.
1.FundamentalResearchandAppliedResearch
InindustrytheprimaryreasonforcartingoutR&Diseconomicandistostrengthenandimprovethecompany’spositionandprofitability.
WecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichweretospringtothemindoftheacademic,
Fundamentalresearchistypicallyassociatedwithuniversityresearch.Itmaybecarriedoutforitsownintrinsicinterestanditwilladdtothetotalknowledgebasebutnoimmediateapplicationsofitinthe“realworld”wellbeapparent.
Aspectsofsynthesiscouldinvolveeitherdevelopingnew,morespecificreagentsforcontrollingparticularfunctionalgroupinterconversions,i.e.
2.Note,however,thattherehasbeenamajorchangeinrecentyearsasacademicinstitutionshaveincreasinglyturnedtoindustryforresearchfunding,
3.TypesofIndustrialResearchandDevelopment
Theappliedormoretargetedtypeofresearchanddevelopmentcommonlycarriedoutinindustrycanbeofseveraltypesandwewillbrieflyconsidereach.Theyare:
(1)Productdevelopment.Productdevelopmentincludesnotonlythediscoveryanddevelopmentofanewdrugbutalso,forexample,providinganewlonger-activeanti-oxidantadditivetoanautomobileengineoil.
(2)Processdevelopment.Processdevelopmentcoversnotonlydevelopingamanufacturingprocessforanentirelynewproductbutalsoanewprocessorrouteforanexistingproduct.
TheabilityofpenicillintopreventtheonsetofsepticemiainbattlewoundsduringtheSecondWorldWar(1939~1945)resultedinanenormousdemandforittobeproducedinquantity.
Processdevelopmentforanewproductdependsonthingssuchasthescaleonwhichitistobemanufactured,theby-productsformedandtheirremoval/recovery,andrequiredpurity.Datawillbeacquiredduringthisdevelopmentstageusingsemi-technicalplant(upto100literscapacity)
Notethatby-productscanhasamajorinfluenceontheeconomicsofachemicalprocess.Phenolmanufactureprovidesastrikingexampleofthis.
Amajorpartoftheprocessdevelopmentactivityforamewplantistominimize,orideallypreventbydesigningout,wasteproductionandhencepossiblepollution.Theeconomicandenvironmentaladvantagesofthisareobvious.
Finallyitshouldbenotedthatprocessdevelopmentrequiresabigteameffortbetweenchemists,chemicalengineers,andelectricalandmechanicalengineerstobesuccessful.
(3)Processimprovement.Processimprovementrelatestoprocesseswhicharealreadyoperating.Itmaybeaproblemthathasarisenandstoppedproduction.Inthissituationthereisalotofpressuretofindasolutionassoonaspossiblesothatproductioncanrestart,since‘downtime’costsmoney.
downtime:
故障期
Morecommonly,however,processimprovementwillbedirectedatimprovingtheprofitabilityoftheprocess.
Inrecentyears,however,themostimportantprocessimprovementactivityhasbeentoreducetheenvironmentalimpactoftheprocess,i.e.,
Note,however,withaplantwhichhasalreadybeenbuiltandisoperatingthereareusuallyonlyverylimitedphysicalchangeswhichcanbemadetotheplanttoachievetheaboveaims.Hencetheimportance
(4)Applicationsdevelopment.Clearlythediscoveryofnewapplicationsorusesforaproductcanincreaseorprolongitsprofitability.
Emphasishasalreadybeenplacedonthefactthatchemicalsareusuallypurchasedfortheeffect,orparticularuse,orapplicationwhichtheyhave.
3.VariationsinR&DActivitiesacrosstheChemicalIndustry
BoththenatureandamountofR&Dcarriedoutvariessignificantlyacrossthevarioussectorsofthechemicalindustry.
Attheotherendofthescaleliepharmaceuticalsandpesticides(orplantprotectionproducts).Herethereareimmenseandcontinuouseffortstosynthesizenewmoleculeswhichexertthedesired,
Unit3TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineers
化学工程师的例行工作
Theclassicalroleofthechemicalengineeristotakethediscoveriesmadebythechemistinthelaboratoryanddevelopthemintomoney--making
Bycontrast,thechemicalengineertypicallyworkswithmuchlargerquantitiesofmaterialandwithverylarge(andexpensive)equipment.Reactorscanhold1,000gallonsto10,000gallonsormore.
Thechemicalengineerisofteninvolvedin“scalingup”achemist-developedsmall-scalereactorandseparationsystemtoaverylargecommercialplant.
Thechemicalengineermustalsoworkcloselywithmechanical,electrical,civil,andmetallurgicalengineersinordertodesignandoperatethephysicalequipmentinaplant--thereactors,
1.Tocommercializethelaboratorychemistry,thechemicalengineerisinvolvedindevelopment,design,construction,operation,sales,andresearch.
2.Development
Developmentistheintermediatesteprequiredinpassingfromalaboratory-sizeprocesstoacommercial-sizeprocess.
Thechemicalengineerworkswiththechemistandateamofotherengineerstodesign,construct,
Oncethepilotplantisoperational,performanceandoptimizationdatacanbeobtainedinordertoevaluatetheprocessfromaneconomicpointofview.
3.Thepilotplantofferstheopportunitytoevaluatematerialsofconstruction,measurementtechniques,andprocesscontrolstrategies.
4.Design
Basedontheexperienceanddataobtainedinthelaboratoryandthepilotplant,ateamofengineersisassembledtodesignthecommercialplant.
Thedesignstageisreallywherethebigbucksarespent.Onetypicalchemicalprocessmightrequireacapitalinvestmentof$50to$100million.
Theproductofthedesignstageisalotofpaper:
(1)Flowsheetsarediagramsshowingalltheequipmentschematically,withallstreamslabeledandtheirconditionsspecified(flowrate,temperature,pressure,composition,viscosity,density,etc.)
(2)PandI(PipingandInstrumentation)Drawingsaredrawingsshowingallpiecesofequipment(includingsizes,nozzlelocations,andmaterials),
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