英语系本科论文电子模板.docx
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英语系本科论文电子模板.docx
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英语系本科论文电子模板
分类号 密级
UDC编号
华中师范大学
本科毕业论文(设计)
题目《老友记》中言语幽默的语用分析
院(系)外国语学院
专业英语
年级2006级
学生姓名魏娜
学号2006572163
指导教师尹蔚
二O一O年四月
APragmaticAnalysisofVerbalHumorinFriends
AthesissubmittedtothefacultyofCCNU
InpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforBAdegree
InEnglishLanguageandLiterature
byWeiNa
Supervisor:
YinWei
AcademicTitle:
Lecturer
Signature:
April2010
Contents
AbstractinChinese……………………………………………………………
i
AbstractinEnglish…………………………………………………………….
ii
1.Introduction………………………………………………………………….
2.LiteratureReview……………………………………………………………
2.1Thedefinitionofhumor…………………………………………………...
2.2Humorstudiesabroad……………………………………………………..
2.3Humorstudiesathome……………………………………………………
3.TheoreticalFramework……………………………………………………..
3.1Grice’scooperativeprinciple……………………………………………..
3.2Leech’spolitenessprinciple………………………………………………
4.AnalysisofHumorinFriends………………………………………………
4.1AbriefintroductiontothesitcomFriends………………………………..
4.2Humoranalysisfromthecooperativeprincipleperspective……………..
4.2.1Humorcreatedbyfloutingthemaximofquantity………………....
4.2.1.1Floutingthefirstmaximofquantity………………………...
4.2.1.2Floutingthesecondmaximofquantity……………………...
4.2.2Humorcreatedbyfloutingthemaximofquality..……………….....
4.2.2.1Useofirony………………………………………………….
4.2.2.2Useofmetaphor……………………………………………..
4.2.2.3Useofhyperbole…………………………………………….
4.2.3Humorcreatedbyfloutingthemaximofrelation…………………..
4.2.4Humorcreatedbyfloutingthemaximofmanner…………………..
4.2.4.1Useofparadox………………………………………………
4.2.4.2Useofparody………………………………………………..
4.2.4.3Useofpun…………………………………………………...
4.2.4.3.1Homonymouspun…………………………………
4.2.4.3.2Homophonicpun…………………………………..
4.3Humoranalysisfromthepolitenessprincipleperspective……………….
4.3.1Humorcreatedbyobservingpolitenessprinciple…………………..
4.3.2HumorcreatedbyFloutingpolitenessprinciple…………………....
4.3.2.1Floutingthetactmaxim……………………………………..
4.3.2.2Floutingthegenerositymaxim……………………………...
4.3.2.3Floutingtheapprobationmaxim…………….........................
4.3.2.4Floutingthemodestymaxim………………………………...
4.3.2.5Floutingtheagreementmaxim……………………………...
4.3.2.6Floutingthesympathymaxim……………………………….
5.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
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内容摘要
幽默在生活中起着举足轻重的作用。
它能缓解矛盾,愉悦人们的心情,调节社会关系。
幽默是一种特殊的语言现象。
对幽默,特别是英语幽默的鉴赏力主要取决于对语言的反应能力。
幽默的话语被说成是语言中最难的,可能就是这个道理。
欣赏英语幽默的语言当然要比欣赏普通的英语语言要难。
“只闻其声,不解其意”的人数有很多。
因此对言语幽默的解读也成为言语研究中的一个重要课题。
本文选取深受我国广大观众喜爱的美国情景喜剧《老友记》中的部分幽默言语事例,从合作原则和礼貌原则两个角度探讨言语幽默,并分析得出违反合作原则及礼貌原则是英语幽默产生的重要源泉。
其中涉及到的英语修辞的应用更是《老友记》中言语幽默生成的重要机制。
本文对人们的笑声背后幽默系统如何运作进行了尝试性的论述,它可以增进我们对美国情景喜剧和日常会话幽默的理解和欣赏。
关键词:
幽默;合作原则;礼貌原则;老友记
Abstract
Humorplaysaveryimportantroleinlife.Itcanrelievestress,keepspeopleingoodmood,andadjustsocialrelationship.Itisaspecialkindoflinguisticform.Inaddition,appreciationofhumor,especiallyEnglishhumor,dependsupontheabilitytorespondtolanguage.Thisisperhapswhyhumorousutterancehasbeenregardedasthemostdifficulttounderstandofallutterances.Certainly,itismoredifficulttounderstandhumorousEnglishlanguagethantocomprehendplainEnglishlanguage.Manypeoplecanunderstandthesentenceinwordsbutcannotthemeaningbetweenthelines.Theinterpretationofhumor,therefore,becomesoneoftheintenselyresearchedareasoflanguagestudy.
ThisthesisintendstoanalyzetheexamplesofverbalhumorintheAmericansitcomFriendswiththehelpofpragmatictheoriesinvolvingCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciple.ItfindsthatapplyingtheCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleistheimportantsourceofEnglishhumor.Moreover,therhetoricappliedtoflouttheCooperativePrincipleisthecrucialmechanismoftheproductionofhumorousutterancesinFriends.Basedontheseanalyses,thedeepstructureofEnglishverbalhumorhasbeententativelyexplored.ThefindingsofthisthesiscanhelptheEnglishlearnerstocomprehendandappreciatetheverbalhumorinEnglishsitcomsaswellasindailycommunication.
Keywords:
humor;CooperativePrinciple;PolitenessPrinciple;Friends
1.Introduction
Humorisaveryinterestingandabsorbingphenomenonofhumansociety.Itispervasiveinourlife.Wecanalmostseeiteverywhere,inliterature,inads,infilms,ontelevision,etc.Humorhassosignificantfunctionsthatithasarousedtheinterestofmanyscholars.Whatcauseshumorhasalwaysbeenamajorconcernofhumorstudies.Forcenturies,scholarsfromvariousdisciplinessuchasphilosophy,sociology,rhetoricandlinguistics,havebeenworkingonit.
Withinthe20thcentury,linguisticstudiesonhumorhaveextendedsubstantiallytosocial,cultural,andpragmaticconcerns.Itisnotlongbeforescholarsapplypragmaticsintohumoranalysis.Forexample,VictorRaskin(1985)argueswhenpeopletelljokes,theyengagethemselvesinnon-bona-fidecommunication.Theirpurposeisnotsomuchofconveyinginformationcontainedinthetextbutrathertocreateaspecialeffect,namelytomakethehearerlaugh.
Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexplorethemechanismsofhumorfromthepragmaticsperspectiveinwhichfounditsinsufficientstudyatthepresenttime.ItiscarriedoutwiththehelpoftheapplicationofCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleintoexplainingandanalyzingthehumorinoneofthemostsuccessfulAmericansitcomFriends.Itissincerelyhopedthatthediscussionandanalysiswillhelppeopleexpresshumorandunderstandhumoreffectively.Thedatacomprisesthescriptofthewholeshow(altogether238episodes)andtheDVDs.ThescriptisdownloadedfromtheInternetthroughtheaddress:
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Thethesisconsistsoffivechapters.Chapteroneistheintroduction,whichbrieflytouchesupontherationale,thepurposeandoverallorganizationofthethesis.ChapterTwoistheliteraturereview,whichprovidesthedefinitionofhumor,followedbyaccountsonprevioushumorstudiesathomeandabroad,includingthethreebasicconventionaltheoriesonhumorandthecontemporarylinguisticstudyonhumor.ChapterThreeisthetheoreticalframeworkofthethesis,whichoffersabriefoverviewofthedataresourcesitcomFriends,andpresentsageneraldescriptionoftwotheoriesinpragmatics,includingGrice’sCooperativePrincipleanditsmaxims,Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple.ChapterFouristhemainpartofthethesis,whichappliestwopragmatictheoriesintohumorstudy.ItincludeshumorcreatedbyfloutingCPanditsmaxims,andbyfloutingPP.ThehumorousutterancesinFriendsareanalyzedindetailtoexplorethemechanismofhumor.ChapterFiveistheconclusionofthewholethesis.Itsumsupthemainfindings.
2.LiteratureReview
2.1Thedefinitionofhumor
Humorhasbeenthestudyofmulti-disciplines,butagenerallyagreeddefinitionofhumorhasneverbeenputforward.
Etymologically,accordingtoAttardo(1994),“humor”isderivedfromtheLatinwordfor“Liquid”or“fluid”andhasmuchtodowiththe“theoryofhumors”ofmedievalmedicine.Throughcenturies,itgraduallylostitsoriginalsenseandcametorefertoaspecificmoodorqualitytounderstand,enjoy,andexpresswhatmakespeoplelaugh.
Generally,dictionarydefinitionofthemodernmeaningofhumorfallintofourcategories:
1)aqualityorcapacityoftheinterlocutor,2)afeatureofthediscourseorsituation,3)theobjectivemanifestation(intheformofliteraryworksorotherdiscoursesortheeventorsituationitself)and4)atechniqueofexpression.(徐立新,2003:
16)
ChinesescholarLinYutang,isthefirstonewhotranslated“humor”as“youmo”intoChineseinearly20thcentury,andheheldtheviewthat“humorisapopularartformtoexpressone’sviewpointandevenperceptionsoftherealworld”(胡范铸,1987:
7-8).
Althoughdefinitionsmightbedifferent,wecanstillfindsomethingincommon:
humorislaughcausingandneedspeople’sdeepthinking.Therefore,asfarastheauthorisconcerned,humoriskindofadvancedactivitiesofhumanintelligencewhichcanmakepeoplefeelfunnyandlight-hearted.Thus,theauthorwillapplythismeaningtotheanalysisofhumorinAmericansitcomFriends.
2.2Humorstudiesabroad
Theultimatecauseormotivationofhumorhasbeentheconcernofover200theoriesfromdifferentdisciplines(Holland,1982:
24),mainlypsychology,philosophy,aestheticsandlinguistics.Acommonlyacceptedclassificationdividestraditionaltheoriesofhumorintothreegroups(Attardo,1994:
47):
superioritytheory,releasetheoryandincongruitytheory.Attardo(1994)labeledthesethreetheoriesas“social”,“psychoanalytical,”and“cognitive”respectively.Generally,theyarecalled“threebasicconventionalhumortheories”.Onthebasisoftheseclassictheories,manynewaccountsforhumorkeepemerging,especiallyfromlinguisticapproach.
Withthedevelopmentofmodernlinguistics,linguisticstudyofhumorbegantoflourishinthelate20thcentury.Studiesofhumorinthisfieldmainlyfocusonthesemanticaspectsofhumorsuchasthesemanticstructure,therhetoricdevices,genres,etc,withsomelaterattentiontopragmaticaspects.Amongthesestudies,Semantic-ScriptTheoryofHumor(SSTH),GeneralTheoryofVerbalHumor(GTVH)developedbyRaskinandAttardoisconsideredthemostprominentmodernlinguistictheoryofhumor.
Recentyears,variousstudiesofhumorfromthepragmaticperspectivearefruitful.Pepicello(1983)summarizesthelinguisticanalysisofgenresoflinguistichumorandriddlesinparticular.Nash(1985)mailyse
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