GRE阅读.docx
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GRE阅读.docx
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GRE阅读
GRE阅读(No.2—No.9)
No.2-1
SECTIONA
ExtendeddebateconcerningtheexactpointoforiginofindividualfolktalestoldbyAfro-Americanslaveshasunfortunatelytakenprecedenceoveranalysisofthetales’meaningandfunction.CulturalcontinuitieswithAfricawerenotdependentonimportationandperpetuationofspecificfolktalesintheirpristineform.ItisintheplacethattalesoccupiedinthelivesoftheslavesandinthemeaningslavesderivedfromthemthattheclearestresemblancestoAfricantraditioncanbefound.Afro-AmericanslavesdidnotborrowtalesindiscriminatelyfromtheWhitesamongwhomtheylived.BlackpeopleweremostinfluencedbythoseEuro-Americantaleswhosefunctionalmeaningandaestheticappealhadthegreatestsimilaritytothetaleswithdeeprootsintheirancestralhomeland.Regardlessofwhereslavetalescamefrom,theessentialpointisthat,withrespecttolanguage,delivery,detailsofcharacterization,andplot,slavesquicklymadethemtheirown.
17.TheauthorclaimsthatmoststudiesoffolktalestoldbyAfro-Americanslavesareinadequatebecausethestudies
(A)failtorecognizeanypossibleEuro-Americaninfluenceonthefolktales
(B)donotpayenoughattentiontothefeaturesofafolktalethatbestrevealanAfricaninfluence
(C)overestimatethenumberoffolktalesbroughtfromAfricabytheslaves
(D)donotconsiderthefactthatafolktalecanbechangedasitisretoldmanytimes(B)
(E)oversimplifythediverseandcomplextraditionsoftheslavesancestralhomeland
18.Theauthor’smainpurposeisto
(A)createanewfieldofstudy
(B)discreditanexistingfieldofstudy
(C)changethefocusofafieldofstudy
(D)transplantscholarlytechniquesfromonefieldofstudytoanother(C)
(E)restrictthescopeofaburgeoningnewfieldofstudy
19.Thepassagesuggeststhattheauthorwouldregardwhichofthefollowingareasofinquiryasmostlikelytorevealtheslaves’culturalcontinuitieswithAfrica?
(A)ThemeansbywhichBlacksdisseminatedtheirfolktalesinnineteenth-centuryAmerica
(B)Specificregionaldifferencesinthestylesofdeliveryusedbytheslavesintellingfolktales
(C)ThefunctionalmeaningofBlackfolktalesinthelivesofWhitechildrenraisedbyslave
(D)Thespecificwaytheslavesusedfolktalestoimpartmoralteachingtotheirchildren(D)
(E)Thecomplexitiesofplotthatappearmostfrequentlyintheslaves’tales
20.Whichofthefollowingtechniquesisusedbytheauthorindevelopingtheargumentinthepassage?
(A)Givingaclichéanewmeaning
(B)Pointedlyrefusingtodefinekeyterms
(C)Alternatelypresentinggeneralitiesandconcretedetails
(D)Concludingthepassagewitharestatementofthefirstpointmadeinthepassage(E)
(E)Juxtaposingstatementsofwhatisnotthecaseandstatementsofwhatisthecase
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformof(intheformof:
以...的形式)geysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,however,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.
Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDR’s,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.
TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludedcrustalrockthatishotterthan150℃,isatdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100℃maybeusefulforspaceheating(heatingofspacesespeciallyforhumancomfortbyanymeans(asfuel,electricity,orsolarradiation)withtheheatereitherwithinthespaceorexternaltoit);however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200℃aredesirable.
Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.)
IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,morecostlywellsandshallower,cooler,lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,electricityand/orheat.
21.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
(A)alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDR’sasanavailableenergysource
(B)documentthechallengersthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDR’s
(C)warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDR’sarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative
(D)encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam(A)
(E)urgeconsumerstodemandquickerdevelopmentofHDRresourcesfortheproductionofenergy
22.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina
(A)petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates
(B)congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates
(C)technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources
(D)consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources(C)
(E)pamphletdesignedtointroducehomeownerstotheadvantagesofHDRspace-heatingsystems
23.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22℃perkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto
(A)balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems
(B)determinetheamountofenergythatwillusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates
(C)providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesinUnitedStates
(D)revisetheestimatesontheextentofremainingcoalresourcesintheUnitedStates(E)
(E)estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspecificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe
(A)possibilitythatHDR’smaybefoundinthatarea
(B)existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea
(C)historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea
(D)failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilgasreservesinthatarea(B)
(E)useofcoalasasubstituteforoilorgasinthatarea
25.Accordingtothepassage,inallHDRrecoverysystemsfluidwillbenecessaryinordertoallow
(A)sufficientpermeability
(B)artificialstimulation
(C)drillingofholes
(D)constructionofreservoirs(E)
(E)transferofheat
26.Accordingtothepassage,iftheaveragegeothermalgradientinanareais22℃perkilometerofdepth,whichofthefollowingcanbereliablypredicted?
I.Thetemperatureatthebaseofa10-kilometerwellwillbesufficientfortheproductionofelectricity.
II.Drillingofwellsdeeperthan10kilometerswillbeeconomicallyfeasible.
III.Insufficientwaterispresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.
(A)Ionly
(B)IIonly
(C)IandIIonly
(D)IIandIIIonly(A)
(E)I,II,andIII
27.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?
(A)EnergyfromWaterSources:
TheFeasibilityofCommercialSystems
(B)GeothermalEnergyRetrieval:
VolcanicActivityandHotDryRocks
(C)EnergyUnderground:
GeothermalSourcesGiveWaytoFossilFuels
(D)TappableEnergyforAmerica’sFuture:
HotDryRocks(D)
(E)HighGeothermalGradientsintheUnitedStates:
MythorReality?
SECTIONB
Fourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirection:
specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.Specificdirectivesinvolvethegovernment’sidentifyingoneormorefactorscontrollingresearch,development,orimplementationofagiventechnology.Directivesaffectingsuchfactorsmayvaryfromadministrativeregulationofprivateactivitytogovernmentownershipofatechnologicaloperation.Marketincentivemodificationsaredeliberatealterationsofthemarketwithinwhichprivatedecisionsregardingthedevelopmentandimplementationoftechnologyaremade.Suchmodificationsmayconsistofimposingtaxestocoverthecoststosocietyofagiventechnology,grantingsubsidiestopay
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