How the internet is changing language中英文.docx
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How the internet is changing language中英文.docx
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Howtheinternetischanginglanguage中英文
Howtheinternetischanginglanguage
发布时间:
2012-12-15
文章出自:
www.bbc.co.uk
原文链接:
点击查看
Online,Englishhasbecomeacommonlanguageforusersfromaroundtheworld.Intheprocess,thelanguageitselfischanging.
WhenAmericaemergedfromtheashesofabruisingwarwithBritainin1814,thenationwasfarfromunited.NoahWebsterthoughtthatacommonlanguagewouldbringpeopletogetherandhelpcreateanewidentitythatwouldmakethecountrytrulyindependentoftheBritish.
Webster'sdictionary,nowinits11thedition,adoptedtheAmericanisedspellingsfamiliartoday-erinsteadofreintheatre,droppingtheufromcolour,andlosingthedoublelfromwordssuchastraveller.ItalsodocumentednewwordsthatwereuniquelyAmericansuchasskunk,opossum,hickory,squashandchowder.
AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagetook18yearstocompleteandWebsterlearned26otherlanguagesinordertoresearchtheetymologyofits70,000entries.
Theinternetiscreatingasimilarlanguageevolution,butatamuchfasterpace.
Therearenowthoughttobesome4.5billionwebpagesworldwide.AndwithhalfthepopulationofChinanowonline,manyofthemarewritteninChinese.
Still,somelinguistspredictthatwithin10yearsEnglishwilldominatetheinternet-butinformsverydifferenttowhatweacceptandrecogniseasEnglishtoday.
That'sbecausepeoplewhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguagealreadyoutnumbernativespeakers.Andincreasinglytheyuseittocommunicatewithothernon-nativespeakers,particularlyontheinternetwherelessattentionispaidtogrammarandspellingandusersdon'thavetoworryabouttheiraccent.
"TheinternetenfranchisespeoplewhoarenotnativespeakerstouseEnglishinsignificantandmeaningfulways,"saysNaomiBaron,professoroflinguisticsatAmericanUniversityinWashingtonDC.
UsersofFacebookalreadysocialiseinanumberofdifferent"Englishes"includingIndianEnglish,orHinglish,Spanglish(SpanishEnglish)andKonglish(KoreanEnglish).Whilethesevariationshavelongexistedwithinindividualcultures,they'renowexpandingandcominglingonline.
"Ontheinternet,allthatmattersisthatpeoplecancommunicate-nobodyhasarighttotellthemwhatthelanguageshouldbe,"saysBaron."IfyoucantalkFacebookintoputtinguppages,youhavealanguagethathaspoliticalandsocialstandingevenifitdoesn'thavemuchinthewayoflinguisticuniqueness."
SomewordsareadaptationsoftraditionalEnglish:
InSinglish,orSingaporeanEnglish,"blur"means"confused"or"slow":
"Shecameintotheconversationlateandwasblurasaresult."
OtherscombineEnglishwordstomakesomethingnew.InKonglish,"skinship"meansintimatephysicalcontact:
handholding,touching,caressing.
TechnologycompaniesaretappingintothenewEnglishvariationswithproductsaimedatenablinguserstoaddwordsthatarenotalreadyintheEnglishdictionary.
AndmostlargecompanieshaveEnglishwebsites,whilesmallerbusinessesarelearningthattheyneedacommonlanguage-English-toreachglobalcustomers.
"Whilemostpeopledon'tspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage,thereisaspecialcommercialandsocialroleforEnglishdrivenbymodernformsofentertainment,"saysRobertMunro,acomputationallinguistandheadofIdibon,alanguagetechnologycompanyinCalifornia.
"TheprevalenceofEnglishmoviesinregionswherethereisnotmuchtechnologyotherthancellphonesandDVDsmakesEnglishanaspirationallanguage.Peoplethinkit'sthelanguageofthedigitalage."
Inpreviouscenturies,theconvergenceofculturesandtradeledtotheemergenceofpidgin-astreamlinedsystemofcommunicationthathassimplegrammaticalstructure,saysMichaelUllman,directorofresearchatGeorgetownUniversity'sBrainandLanguageLab.
Whenthenextgenerationofpidginspeakersbeginstoaddvocabularyandgrammar,itbecomesadistinctCreolelanguage."Yougetdifferentendings,it'smorecomplexandsystematised.SomethinglikethatcouldbehappeningtoEnglishontheweb,"hesays.
TakeHinglish.
HinglishisablendofHindi,Punjabi,UrduandEnglishandissowidespreadthatit'sevenbeingtaughttoBritishdiplomats.
Mobilephonecompaniesarealsoupdatingtheirappstoreflectitsgrowinguse.
InHinglish,aco-brotherisabrother-in-law;eve-teasingmeanssexualharassment;anemergencycrewrespondingtoacrisismightbedescribedas'airdashing',andsomewhatconfusingtofootballfans,a'stadium'referstoabaldmanwithafringeofhair.There'sevenanewconceptoftime-"pre-pone",theoppositeofpostpone,meaning"tobringsomethingforward".
Theincreasingprevalenceoftheinternetineverydaylifemeansthatlanguageonlineisnotazerosumgame.Instead,itallowsmultiplelanguagestoflourish.
"Mostpeopleactuallyspeakmultiplelanguages-it'slesscommontoonlyspeakone,"saysMrMunro."Englishhastakenitsplaceastheworld'slinguafranca,butit'snotpushingoutotherlanguages."
Instead,otherlanguagesarepushingtheirwayintoEnglish,andintheprocesscreatingsomethingnew.
©2012网易公司京ICP证080268号
Howtheinternetischanginglanguage
发布时间:
2012-12-15
文章出自:
www.bbc.co.uk
原文链接:
点击查看
Online,Englishhasbecomeacommonlanguageforusersfromaroundtheworld.Intheprocess,thelanguageitselfischanging.
WhenAmericaemergedfromtheashesofabruisingwarwithBritainin1814,thenationwasfarfromunited.NoahWebsterthoughtthatacommonlanguagewouldbringpeopletogetherandhelpcreateanewidentitythatwouldmakethecountrytrulyindependentoftheBritish.
Webster'sdictionary,nowinits11thedition,adoptedtheAmericanisedspellingsfamiliartoday-erinsteadofreintheatre,droppingtheufromcolour,andlosingthedoublelfromwordssuchastraveller.ItalsodocumentednewwordsthatwereuniquelyAmericansuchasskunk,opossum,hickory,squashandchowder.
AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagetook18yearstocompleteandWebsterlearned26otherlanguagesinordertoresearchtheetymologyofits70,000entries.
Theinternetiscreatingasimilarlanguageevolution,butatamuchfasterpace.
Therearenowthoughttobesome4.5billionwebpagesworldwide.AndwithhalfthepopulationofChinanowonline,manyofthemarewritteninChinese.
Still,somelinguistspredictthatwithin10yearsEnglishwilldominatetheinternet-butinformsverydifferenttowhatweacceptandrecogniseasEnglishtoday.
That'sbecausepeoplewhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguagealreadyoutnumbernativespeakers.Andincreasinglytheyuseittocommunicatewithothernon-nativespeakers,particularlyontheinternetwherelessattentionispaidtogrammarandspellingandusersdon'thavetoworryabouttheiraccent.
"TheinternetenfranchisespeoplewhoarenotnativespeakerstouseEnglishinsignificantandmeaningfulways,"saysNaomiBaron,professoroflinguisticsatAmericanUniversityinWashingtonDC.
UsersofFacebookalreadysocialiseinanumberofdifferent"Englishes"includingIndianEnglish,orHinglish,Spanglish(SpanishEnglish)andKonglish(KoreanEnglish).Whilethesevariationshavelongexistedwithinindividualcultures,they'renowexpandingandcominglingonline.
"Ontheinternet,allthatmattersisthatpeoplecancommunicate-nobodyhasarighttotellthemwhatthelanguageshouldbe,"saysBaron."IfyoucantalkFacebookintoputtinguppages,youhavealanguagethathaspoliticalandsocialstandingevenifitdoesn'thavemuchinthewayoflinguisticuniqueness."
SomewordsareadaptationsoftraditionalEnglish:
InSinglish,orSingaporeanEnglish,"blur"means"confused"or"slow":
"Shecameintotheconversationlateandwasblurasaresult."
OtherscombineEnglishwordstomakesomethingnew.InKonglish,"skinship"meansintimatephysicalcontact:
handholding,touching,caressing.
TechnologycompaniesaretappingintothenewEnglishvariationswithproductsaimedatenablinguserstoaddwordsthatarenotalreadyintheEnglishdictionary.
AndmostlargecompanieshaveEnglishwebsites,whilesmallerbusinessesarelearningthattheyneedacommonlanguage-English-toreachglobalcustomers.
"Whilemostpeopledon'tspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage,thereisaspecialcommercialandsocialroleforEnglishdrivenbymodernformsofentertainment,"saysRobertMunro,acomputationallinguistandheadofIdibon,alanguagetechnologycompanyinCalifornia.
"TheprevalenceofEnglishmoviesinregionswherethereisnotmuchtechnologyotherthancellphonesandDVDsmakesEnglishanaspirationallanguage.Peoplethinkit'sthelanguageofthedigitalage."
Inpreviouscenturies,theconvergenceofculturesandtradeledtotheemergenceofpidgin-astreamlinedsystemofcommunicationthathassimplegrammaticalstructure,saysMichaelUllman,directorofresearchatGeorgetownUniversity'sBrainandLanguageLab.
Whenthenextgenerationofpidginspeakersbeginstoaddvocabularyandgrammar,itbecomesadistinctCreolelanguage."Yougetdifferentendings,it'smorecomplexandsystematised.SomethinglikethatcouldbehappeningtoEnglishontheweb,"hesays.
TakeHinglish.
HinglishisablendofHindi,Punjabi,UrduandEnglishandissowidespreadthatit'sevenbeingtaughttoBritishdiplomats.
Mobilephonecompaniesarealsoupdatingtheirappstoreflectitsgrowinguse.
InHinglish,aco-brotherisabrother-in-law;eve-teasingmeanssexualharassment;anemergencycrewrespondingtoacrisismightbedescribedas'airdashing',andsomewhatconfusingtofootballfans,a'stadium'referstoabaldmanwithafringeofhair.There'sevena
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