国家商务英语.docx
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国家商务英语.docx
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国家商务英语
InternationalLogistics
✓InternationalSupplyChain
✓DefinitionofInternationalLogistics
✓SupplyChainManagement
✓TheImpactofInternationalLogistics
✓ManagementofInternationalLogistics
✓CentralizedLogisticsManagement
✓DecentralizedLogisticsManagement
✓TheSystematicOutsourcingofLogisticsCapabilities
WarehouseandInventoryControl
Warehousing
TypesofWarehouses
WarehouseLocation
InventoryManagement
Stockturnover
DollarControlandUnitControl
KeyPoints-A
InternationalSupplyChain
DefinitionofInternationalLogistics
SupplyChainManagement
ImpactofInternationalLogistics
ManagementofInternationalLogistics
CentralizedLogisticsManagement
DecentralizedLogisticsManagement
SystematicOutsourcingofLogisticsCapabilities
InternationalSupplyChain
Thetotalprocessofmovinggoodsfromamanufacturertoacustomerinthemosttimelyandcost-efficientmannerpossible
SUPPLYCHAINconsistsofalltheorganizationsthatmovegoodsandservicesfromthesourceofrawmaterialstothefinalcustomer.
ChannelofDistribution
SUPPLYCHAIN
SupplyChainislongerthanachannelofdistributionbecauseitincludessupplierstomanufacturers,whereasthechannelofdistributionbeginswithmanufacturers.Manycompanieshavedevelopedsoftwarethatmakesitpossibletocoordinatethemovementofgoodsandinformation......sothatconsumerwantscanbetranslatedintoproductswiththeleastamountofmaterials,inventory,andtime.
Theflowsamongfirmsarealmostseamless.
Thesystemsarequiteexpensivebuttheypayforthemselvesinthelongrundueto:
Fortheinternationalfirm,customerlocationsandsourcingopportunitiesarewidelydispersed.
Thefirmcanattainastrategicallyadvantageouspositiononlyifitisabletosuccessfullymanagecomplexinternationalnetworks.
Neglectoflinkageswithinandoutsideofthefirmbrings:
1Highercosts2Riskofeventualnon-competitiveness
Thisisdueto:
1Diminishedmarketshare2Moreexpensivesupplies3Lowerprofits
•SupplyChain
Acomplexglobalnetworkcreatedbyafirmtoconnectitsvendors,suppliers,otherthirdparties,anditscustomersinordertoachievegreatercostefficienciesandtoenhancecompetitiveness.
Higherearningsandgreatercorporateefficienciescanbeachievedthrougheffectiveinternationallogisticsandsupply-chainmanagement.
5.1.1DefinitionofInternationalLogistics
WhatisInternationalLogistics?
Itisthedesignandmanagementofasystemthatcontrolstheflowofmaterialsinto,through,andoutoftheinternationalcorporation.
Itencompassesthetotalmovementconceptbycoveringtheentirerangeofoperationsconcernedwithgoodsmovement,includingtherefore,bothexportandimportssimultaneously
Bytakingasystemsapproach,thefirmexplicitlyrecognizesthelinkagesamongthetraditionallyseparatelogisticscomponentswithinandoutsideofcorporation
Byincorporatingtheinteractionwithoutsideorganizationsandindividualssuchassuppliersandcustomers,...thefirmisenabledtobuildonjointnessofpurposebyallpartnersintheareasofperformance,qualityandtiming.
Successfulsystemsimplementationwillenablethefirmtodevelop:
Just-In-Time(JIT)delivery
Forlowerinventorycost
Just-in-time(JIT)isaninventorystrategythatstrivestoimproveabusiness'sreturnoninvestmentbyreducingin-processinventoryandassociatedcarryingcosts.
Implementedcorrectly,JITcandramaticallyimproveamanufacturingorganization'sreturnoninvestment,quality,andefficiency.
Thissaveswarehousespaceandcosts.
1Just-in-time(JIT)Delivery
Deliveringtheordereditemsatadesignatedtime.
Thisisseriouslyneededbybusinessbuyerswhohavetorunjust-in-timemanufacturing
Successfulsystemsimplementationwillenablethefirmtodevelop:
2ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)
Formoreefficientorderprocessing
Thetransferofstructureddatabyagreedmessagestandardsfromcomputertocomputerbyelectronicmeans.
Thetransferofdatabetweendifferentcompaniesisaccomplishedusingnetworks,suchastheInternet.
Successfulsystemsimplementationwillenablethefirmtodevelop:
3EarlySupplierInvolvement(ESI)
Forbetterplanningofgoodsdevelopmentandmovement.
EarlySupplierInvolvement(ESI)
Toachieveshorterproductdevelopmentcycles,suppliersmustbeintegratedearlyinthedesignprocess.Tappingtheengineeringresourcesofsupplierscangreatlyreduceproductleadtime.
ProductLeadTime
Thisisthetimebetweenorderingaproductandexpecteddeliverytimetothecustomer.
Inaddition,theuseofsuchsystemsapproachallowsafirmtoconcentrateonitscorecompetenciesandtoformoutsourcingallianceswithothercompanies.
Globallogistics:
thedesignandmanagementofasystemthatcontrolstheflowofmaterialsinto,through,andoutoftheinternationalcorporation.
Twomajorphasesinthemovementofmaterials
MaterialMovementandBusinessLogistics
Materialmanagement-thetimelymovementofrawmaterials,partsandsuppliesintoandthroughthefirm
Physicaldistribution-themovementoffinishedgoodsfromsupplierstocustomers
Firstphase:
MaterialsManagement
Thetimelymovementofrawmaterials,partsandsuppliesintoandthroughthefirm.
Secondphase:
PhysicalDistribution
PhysicalDistributionInvolvesthemovementofthefirm’sfinishedproducttoitscustomers
MajorphasesinMaterialMovement
Inbothphases,movementisseenwithinthecontextoftheentireprocess.
Basicgoalsoflogisticsmanagement
Effectivecoordinationinthemovementofmaterials
3MajorConceptsofLogistics
Thegrowthoflogisticsasafieldhasbroughttotheforefrontthree(3)majornewconcepts:
1.SystemsConcept
2.TotalCostConcept
3.Trade-OffConcept
Systemsconcept-thenotionthatmaterials-flowactivitiesaresocomplexthattheycanbeconsideredonlyinthecontextoftheirinteraction.Insteadofeachcorporatefunction,supplier,andcustomersoperatingwiththegoalofindividualoptimization,...systemsconceptstipulatesthatsomecomponentsmayhavetoworksuboptimallytomaximizethebenefitsofthesystemasawhole.Inorderforthesystemsconcepttowork,informationflowsandpartnershiptrustareinstrumental.Logisticscapabilityishighlyinformationdependent,......sinceinformationavailabilityinfluencesnotonlythenetworkplanningprocessbutalsotheday-to-daydecisionsthataffectperformance.
Total-costconcept-identifiesandlinksexpendituresinordertoevaluateandoptimizelogisticalactivities.Thepurposeofthisconceptistominimizethefirm’soveralllogisticscostbyimplementingthesystemsconceptappropriately.ImplementationoftheTotalCostConceptrequiresthatthemembersofthesystemunderstandthesourcesofcosts.Intheinternationalarena,thisconceptmustincorporatetheconsiderationoftotalafter-taxprofit,bytakingtheimpactofnationaltaxpoliciesonthelogisticfunctionintoaccount.Theobjectiveistomaximizeafter-taxprofitratherthanminimizingtotalcost.Taxvariationsintheinternationalarenaoftenhavemajorconsequences,therefore,thefocuscanbequiteimportant.
Trade-offconcept-recognizesinteractionswithinthedecisionsystem.
Recognizesthelinkageswithinlogisticssystemsthatresultfromtheinteractionoftheircomponents.Techniqueofreducingorforgoingoneormoredesirableoutcomesinexchangeforincreasingorobtainingotherdesirableoutcomes......tomaximizethetotalreturnoreffectiveness(suchascostv.performance)undergivencircumstances.
MaterialMovementandBusinessLogistics
Businesslogistickeyconcepts:
Systemsconcept-thenotionthatmaterials-flowactivitiesaresocomplexthattheycanbeconsideredonlyinthecontextoftheirinteraction.
Total-costconcept-identifiesandlinksexpendituresinordertoevaluateandoptimizelogisticalactivities.
Trade-offconcept-recognizesinteractionswithinthedecisionsystem.
SupplyChainManagementTheintegrationofthethreebusinesslogisticconceptshaveresultedinsupply-chainmanagement.connectsthevalue-addingactivitiesofacompany’ssupplysidewithitsdemandside.
Efficientsupply-chaindesigncan:
1.increasecustomersatisfaction2.savemoney3.reducedeliveryleadtimes4.eliminatewaste
WhatisSupplyChainWaste?
Thatis“anythingotherthantheminimumamountofequipment,material,parts,space,andworker’stime,whichareabsolutelyessentialtoaddvaluetotheproduct”.
Inaverysimpleterm“ifitdoesn’taddvalue,it’swaste”(Ford,1926).
Supply-ChainManagementClearly,theuseofsuchstrategictoolswillbecrucialforinternationalmanagerstodevelopandmaintainkeycompetitiveadvantages.
5.1.2.1TheImpactofInternationalLogistics
Logisticscostscomprisebetween10%–30%ofthetotallandedcostofaninternationalordeR
Researchshowsthattheenvironmentfacinglogisticsmanagersinthenext10yearswillbedynamicandexplosive.
Technologicaladvancesandprogressincommunicationsystemsandinformation-processingcapabilitieswillbeparticularlysignificantinthedesignandmanagementoflogisticssystems.
Logisticsandsupply-chainmanagementincreasinglyarethekeydimensionsbywhichfirmsdistinguishthemselvesinternationally.
Giventhespeedofthetechnologicalchangeandtheefficiencydemandsplacedonbusiness,competitiveness,internationalsalesgrowth,and...internationalbusinesssuccessincreasinglywilldependonthelogisticsfunction.
•5.1.3ManagementofInternationalLogistics
1CentralizedLogisticsManagement
2DecentralizedLogisticsManagement
TheverypurposeofanMNCistobenefitfromsystemsynergismandapersuasiveargumentcan
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