写作教程1.docx
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写作教程1
Unit1TheCorrectWord
1Denotationandconnotation
1)Denotation:
refertotheliteralandprimarymeaning
2)Connotation:
refertoimpliedmeaning.whenwewrite,wehavetowatchoutfortheconnotativemeaningofaword;otherwise,wemaymakesillymistakes
3)Instance
word
gold
moon
ice
Blood
Denotation
A.preciousmetal
Thenaturalbodythatmovesaroundtheearth
Waterfrozensothatithasbecomesolid
Theredliquidinbody
connotation
wealthy
Barren;Tran,quality
Coldness,indifference,cruelty,death
Fightingfamilybackground
2attitude
Theselectionofawordoftenrevealshowyoufeelaboutyoursubject,whetheryouarepleased,angry,criticaloradmiring.
WhenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsuchemotionallyloadedword—wordsthatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.
1)commendatory/positive(褒义)
2)derogatory/pejorative(贬义)
3)neutral(中性)
favorable
neutral
unfavorable
unique
strange
Freak/bivalve
Persistent
stubborn
Pigheaded
compliment
praise
Flatter
Seniorcitizen
Oldperson
fossil
3collocation
Thereareseveraltypesofcollocation
Verb+noneeg:
followthefashion
Adjective+noneeg:
abrilliantsuccess
Verb+adverbeg:
thinkalike
Proportion+noneeg:
forexample
Verb+proportioneg:
thinkof
4Falsefriends
Example
Advisevs.adviceangelvs.angle
Affectvs.effectcapitalvs.capitol
Complementvs.complimentconsciousvs.conscience
Grammar
Subject-verbagreement
Grammaragreement,notionalagreement,andtheprincipleofproximity
Whenthesubjectiscompound(proximityeg:
neithernor;notonlybutalso;.就远原则alongwith;togetherwith)
Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity(makesurewhetheritiswholeorpart)
Whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clause,orinthethere-bestructurerequiresingular
Anybodyanyone,each,everybody,nobody,noonerequiresingular
Unit2TheAppropriate
1Formalandgeneral
1)Formal:
usedbyeducatedpeopleinformalcontextssuchasthesiswriting,officialnewsreleases,andformalannouncement.
2)General:
usedforeverydaycommunication
Rule:
usinggeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordinspecific,formalcontexts.
2Colloquialandslang
Usedinaconversationorinordertoachieveaconversationaleffect.
Like:
abbreviationsandcontraction
Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.
3Styleandaudience
Differentstylesareusedtoaddressdifferentaudiencesanddifferentoccasions
4Chinglish
1)avoidliteraltranslation
方便面instantneedle大片blockbuster
牵头产品knockoutproduct买一赠一buyonegetonefree
2)grasptheconnotation
3)avoidrepetitionofmeaning
大家一致合为一体新的世界纪录
Unit3TheBetterWord
Conciseness(简明)
Redundancyisnotalwayseasytospot.thebestwayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefullyandtrytofindwords,phrasesorevensentencesthatarenotessential
Like:
youknow;Really;Ithink
Xianminghighschoolhasafacultyofteacherswhodotheirjobswell
Preciseness
Thesuccessofyourwritingalsodepends,alargeextent,onthepreciseness(严谨)ofyoulanguage.
Like:
Katesaidshehadanawfultimeatthehomecomingparty
Awfulistoogeneral,replacedwithboring
Grammar
Modifiers:
enrichingthemeaningofsentences
Adjectivesadverbsdifferentformsofverbsandnounswhichcanbeusedasadjectives.
-Ingand-edformofverbs
a)the–ingformofaverbisusedwhentheactiondescribedbytheverbcontinuestohappenorrelationshipisactive
b)the–ed;actioniscompletedatthetimeorrelationshipispassive
nonus
misunderstandingwouldbemadeifweusetoomuchnone
adverbs
modifyingverb(after),adjective(before),adverb(before),orwhoresentence(beginningorending)
rules:
avoidinguselessmodifiers
puttingascloseaspossibletotheverborphrasebeingmodified
Unit4SentenceBase
subject
noun,pronoun,-ing,clause,-ed,to,numeralest.
Suffixes:
ing,tion,ity,ment,ness
Positionofthesubject
Beginning:
directly
Middle
Ending:
passive
Voice
Whenthesubjectacts,theverbistheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthepassivevoice.
Activevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelptomakeasentencedirectconcise,andvigorous.(有力)
Passivevoicewhentheagentisunknownimportant
Followedbylongmodifier
Unit5ExpandedSentenceBase
Attributes
Wordorphrasesusedtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes
Whatcanbeusedasattributes:
determiners(threecategoriesofwords:
articles,possessiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals),adjective,nouns,-ingform,-edform,infinitives(mustbeplacedafterthenoun),prepositionalphrases.
Relativeclauses
Attributiveclausesisasentencethatmodifynoun
Rule:
theideainthemainclauseismoreimportantthanintherelativeclause.Wecandirectreaders’attentiontoideasinthemainclause.
Antecedent
wheretheantecedentreferstoathing(that/which)
person(who/whom)
time(when/inwhich)
place(where/atwhich)
cause(why)
manner(inwhich)
grammar
incompletesentence
A.phrasefragmentB.fragmentwithoutasubject
C.fragmentwithoutanauxiliaryverb
D.subordinateclausefragment
Determinersandadjective(美小圆旧黄,法国旧书房)
Unit6ExpandedSentenceBase
Participle
Ifthenouncarriesouttheaction,itisthelogicalsubjectoftheverb,presentparticiple
Ifthenounreceivestheaction,itisthelogicalobjectoftheverb,pastparticiple.
Participleswithconjunctions
Time:
when,while
Concession:
though,although,evenif,ect.
Condition:
if
Functions
A.creatingconcisesentences
B.producingmoredetailedsentences
C.establishingclearerlogic
absoluteconstruction(独立主格)
function
A.addingdescriptivedetails
B.indicatingcause-effectrelationships
comma-splitsentences
usingacommatoconnecttwoseparateidea,ortwoindependentsentences
Unit7JoiningSentencesTogether
(1)
coordinatestructures
a.basiccoordinateformula:
twosimilaritemsjoinedbyaword.Wordusedtojointhetwoitemsiscalledcoordinator
b.coordinationcanbeusedtojoinwords,phrases,clauses,andsentence.
c.coordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators
(1)singlecoordinator:
and,but,or.
(2)Pairedcoordinator:
either…or,neither…nor,assoonas,as…as
(3)Serialcoordination:
thesentencehavethree,orevenmore,itemsinonecoordinateconstruction.Asseveralitemsarearrangedtogether,wecallthiscoordinationinseries.A,B,coordinationC
Coordinationatthesentencelevel
Compoundsentenceistwoormoresentencearejoinedintoonewithcoordinator.
Functionsofcoordinatesentences
Whenmorethanoneideaisinvolvedinonesentence,oneofthewaytoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesistousecoordination,whichassignsequalweighttotheideas.
Advancedusagesofcoordinatesentence
A.repetitionorabsenceofcoordinators
B.semicolons
C.interruptedcoordination
Unit8JoiningSentencesTogether
(2)
subordination
subordinationvs.coordination
thesentenceconsistoftwoclause.Oneexpressescompleteideaandcanstandaloneasasentence,buttheotherexpressesanincompleteideaandcannotbeusedalone.Besides,awordisusedtoconnectthesetwoclausesandindicatetheirrelationship.thissentencescallsubordinatesentence,andwordcalledsubordinator
typeofsubordination
A.nominalclauses
B.relativeclauses
C.adverbialclauses
functionofsubordination
A.moreinformation
B.emphasis
effectiveuseofsubordination
A,positionofthesubordinateclauseB.simplifiedsubordination
Grammar
Misplacedmodifiersdanglingmodifiers
Unit9SentenceVariety
Waystoachievesentencevariety
Byvaryingthelength
Shortsentence:
emphatic,andsuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas
Longsentence:
capableofexpressingcomplexidea,andthedescribethingswithmanydetails
Byvaryingthepattern
Declarative;interrogative;imperative;exclamatory;
Compound;simple;complex;compound-complex
Byvaryingtheemphasis
Position;emphaticstructure(what…is;thereare…who;itis…that;doverb;passivevoice)
Byvaryingthebeginner
SubjectNoun;pronoun;numerals;infinitives;ing;clause
Adverbial-ly;propositionalphrase;adj./adv.phrases
Grammar
Unit10Punctuation
Comma
1.joinshortandcloselyrelatedparallelsentences
2.inacompoundsentencebeforetheconjunctionorconnective(and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet)
3.afteranadverbialclauseorphrasebeforethesubjectofthesentence
4.nonrestrictiveclause(非限定性从句)andphrasesaresetoffbycommas
massetoffparenthetical(插入语)elements
6.useacommawithquotationmarktoshowwhatsomeonehassaiddirectly
7.inthedatemay24,1988
8.状语从句
Semicolons
1useasemicolonbetweenindependentclausesnotjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction
2.usesemicolonstoseparatemostclausearrangedintheformofseries.Thereormoreshortindependentclausesinaseriescanbeseparatedbycommas
3.Whentheclausehaveinternalpunctuation,thesemicolonisusedwithconjunction
4.twocoordinateclausenotlinkedbyaconjunction
5.beforehowever,therefore,hence,nevertheless,moreover,ect.
Period
Endasentence
Useaperiodaftercertainabbreviation(缩写)
Colon
1.usingacolontointroduceanexplanation,asummary,anappositive(同位语)oralistofthing
2.itisusedaftercompletestatementwhenitintroducealist
quotationmark
1.period,comma,colon,semicolonbeusedinner
2.ifthedash,questionmark,exclamationmark,arerelevanttothequotation,theycanbeputininnerquotationmark;vice-versa.
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