化学化工专业英语.docx
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化学化工专业英语.docx
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化学化工专业英语
Table1NamesofSomeCommonElements
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Name
Ag
Silver
Co
Cobalt
Ni
Nickel
Al
Aluminium
Cr
Chromium
O
Oxygen
As
Arsenic
Cu
Copper
P
Phosphorus
Au
gold
F
Fluorine
Pb
Lead
B
boron
Fe
Iron
Pd
Palladium
Ba
Barium
H
Hydrogen
Pt
Platinum
Bi
Bismuth
Hg
Mercury
S
Sulfur
Br
Bromine
I
Iiodine
Se
Selenium
C
Carbon
K
Potassium
Si
Silicon
Ca
Calcium
Mg
Magnesium
Sn
Tin
Cd
Cadmium
Mn
Manganese
Ti
Titanium
Ce
Cerium
N
Nitrogen
U
Uranium
Cl
Chlorine
Na
Sodium
Zn
Zinc
NamingMetalOxides,BasesandSalts
Acompoundisacombinationofpositiveandnegativeionsintheproperratiotogiveabalancedchargeandthenameofthecompoundfollowsfromnamesoftheions,forexample,NaCl,issodiumchloride;Al(OH)3isaluminiumhydroxide;FeBr2isiron(II)bromideorferrousbromide;Ca(OAc)2iscalciumacetate;Cr2(SO4)3ischromium(III)sulphateorchromicsulphate,andsoon.Table3givessomeexamplesofthenamingofmetalcompounds.ThenameofthenegativeionwillneedtobeobtainedfromTable2.
Table2 SomeCommonNegativeIons
Name
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Nitrate
NO3-
Nitrite
NO2-
Carbonate
CO32-
Sulphite
SO32-
Sulphate
SO42-
Phosphite
PO33-
Phosphate
PO43-
Arsenite
AsO33-
Hydrogensulphate
HSO4-
Hydrogensulphite
HSO3-
Hydrogencarbonate
HCO3-
Hypo-chlorite
ClO-
Arsenate
AsO43-
Cyanide
CN-
Iodate
IO3-
Iodide
I-
Chlorate
ClO3-
Fluoride
F-
Chromate
CrO4-
Chloride
Cl-
Dichromate
Cr2O72-
Bromide
Br-
Perchlorate
ClO4-
Sulphide
S2-
Permanganate
MnO4-
Oxide
O2-
Acetate
OAc-
Hydride
H-
Oxalate
C2O42-
Hydroxide
OH-
Table3 NamesofSomeMetalOxides,BasesandSalts
Formula
Name
FeO
iron(II)oxide
ferrousoxide
Fe2O3
iron(III)oxide
ferricoxide
Sn(OH)2
tin(II)hydroxide
Stannoushydroxide
Sn(OH)4
tin(IV)hydroxide
stannichydroxide
Hg2SO4
mercury(I)sulphate
Mercuroussulphate
HgSO4
mercury(II)sulphate
Mercuricsulphate
NaClO
sodiumhypochlorite
K2Cr2O7
Potassiumdichromate
Cu3(AsO4)2
copper(II)arsenate
cupricarsenate
Cr(OAc)3
Chromium(III)acetate
Chromicacetate
Negativeions,anions,maybemonatomicorpolyatomic.Allmonatomicanionshavenamesendingwith-ide.Twopolyatomicanionswhichalsohavenamesendingwith-idearethehydroxideion,OH-,andthecyanideion,CN-.
Manypolyatomicanionscontainoxygeninadditiontoanotherelement.Thenumberofoxygenatomsinsuchoxyanionsisdenotedbytheuseofthesuffixes-iteand-ate,meaningfewerandmoreoxygenatoms,respectively.Incaseswhereitisnecessarytodenotemorethantwooxyanionsofthesameelement,theprefixeshypo-andper-,meaningstillfewerandstillmoreoxygenatoms,respectively,maybeused,forexample,
hypochlorite ClO-
Chlorite ClO2-
chlorate ClO3-
perchlorate ClO4-
NamingNonmetalOxides
TheoldersystemofnamingandonestillwidelyusedemploysGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomsandthatoftheotherelementinthecompound2.Theprefixesusedare
(1)mono-,sometimesreducedtomon-,
(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-and(10)deca-.Generallytheletteraisomittedfromtheprefix(fromtetraon)whennaminganonmetaloxideandoftenmono-isomittedfromthenamealtogether.
TheStocksystemisalsousedwithnonmetaloxides.HeretheRomannumeralreferstotheoxidationstateoftheelementotherthanoxygen.
Ineithersystem,theelementotherthanoxygenisnamedfirst,thefullnamebeingused,followedbyoxide3.Table4showssomeexamples.
Table4NamesofSomeNonmetalOxides
Formula
Name
Name
CO
carbon(II)oxide
Carbonmonoxide
CO2
carbon(IV)oxide
Carbondioxide
SO3
sulphur(VI)oxide
Sulphurtrioxide
N2O3
nitrogen(III)oxide
Dinitrogentrioxide
P2O5
Phosphorus(V)oxide
Diphosphoruspentoxide
Cl2O7
chlorine(VII)oxide
Dichlorineheptoxide
NamingAcids
AcidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromaknowledgeofTable2bychangingthenameoftheacidion(thenegativeion)intheTable2asfollows:
TheIoninTable2
CorrespondingAcid
-ate
-ic
-ite
-ous
-ide
-ic
Examplesare:
AcidIon
Acid
acetate
aceticacid
perchlorate
perchloricacid
bromide
hydrobromicacid
cyanide
hydrocyanicacid
Thereareafewcaseswherethenameoftheacidischangedslightlyfromthatoftheacidradical;forexample,H2SO4issulphuricacidratherthansulphicacid.Similarly,H3PO4isphosphoricacidratherthanphosphicacid.
NamingAcidandBasicSaltandMixedSalts
Asaltcontainingacidichydrogenistermedanacidsalt.AwayofnamingthesesaltsistocallNa2HPO4disodiumhydrogenphosphateandNaH2PO4sodiumdihydrogenphosphate.Historically,theprefixbi-hasbeenusedinnamingsomeacidsalts;inindustry,forexample,NaHCO3iscalledsodiumbicarbonateandCa(HSO3)2calciumbisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3,abasicsalt,wouldbecalledbismuthdihydroxynitrate.NaKSO4,amixedsalt,wouldbecalledsodiumpotassiumsulphate.
3 NOMENCLATUREOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS
Acompletediscussionofdefinitiverulesoforganicnomenclaturewouldrequiremorespacethancanbeallottedinthistext.Wewillsurveysomeofthemorecommonnomenclaturerules,bothIUPACandtrivial.
Alkanes
Thenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.
Table1 Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes
CH4
Methane
C11H24
undecane
C2H6
Ethane
C12H26
dodecane
C3H8
Propane
C13H28
tridecane
C4H10
Butane
C14H30
tetradecane
C5H12
Pentane
C15H32
pentadecane
C6H14
Hexane
C16H34
hexadecane
C7H16
Heptane
C17H36
Heptadecane
C8H18
Octane
C18H38
Octadecane
C9H20
Nonane
C19H40
Nonadecane
C10H22
Decane
C20H42
Eicosane
AlkenesandAlkynes
UnbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedintheIUPACsystembyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingis-adiene,-atriene,etc.
Unbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingis-adiyne,-atriyneetc.Table2showsnamesforsomealkylgroups,alkanes,alkenesandalkynes.
Table2 SomeAlkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,Alkynes
Alkanes
Alkyls
Alkenes
alkynes
IUPAC
Common
Mthane
Methyl
Ethane
Ethyl
Ethene
Ethylene
Acetylene
Propane
Propyl
Propene
Propylene
Propyne
Butane
Butyl
Butene
Butylene
Butyne
Pentane
Pentyl
(amyl)
Pentene
Pentylene
Pentyne
Hexane
Hexyl
Heptane
Heptyl
Octane
Octyl
Nonane
Nonyl
Decane
Decyl
-ane
-yl
-ene
-ene
-yne
ThePrefixes
IntheIUPACsystem,alkylandarylsubstituentsandmanyfunctionalgroupsarenamedasprefixesontheparent(forexample,iodomethane).SomecommonfunctionalgroupsnamedasprefixesarelistedinTable3.
Table3 SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixes
Structure
Name
Structure
Name
-OR
Alkoxy-*
-F
Fluoro-
-NH2
Amino-
-H
Hydro-
-N=N-
Azo-
-I
Iodo-
-Br
Bromo-
-NO2
Nitro-
-Cl
Chloro-
-NO
Nitroso-
*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup
Insimplecompounds,theprefixesdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.areusedtoindicatethenumberoftimesasubstituentisfoundinthestructure:
e.g.,dimethylaminefor(CH3)2NHordichloromethaneforCH2Cl2.
Incomplexstructures,theprefixesbis-,tris-,andtetrakis-areused:
bis-meanstwoofakind;tris-,threeofakind;andtetrakis-,fourofakind.[(CH3)2N]2isbis(dimethylamino)andnotdi(dimethylamino).
NomenclaturePriorityofFunctionalGroups
Innamingacompound,thelongestchaincontainingprincipalfunctionalgroupisconsideredtheparent.Theparentisnumberedfromtheprincipalfunctionalgrouptotheotherend,thedirectionbeingchosentogivethelowestnumberstothesubstituents.Theentirenameofthestructureisthencomposedof
(1)thenumbersofthepositionsofthesubstituts(andoftheprincipalfunctionalgroup,ifnecessary);
(2)thenamesofthesubstituts;(3)thenameoftheparent.
Thevariousfunctionalgroupsarerankedinpriorityastowhichreceivesthesuffixnameandthelowestpositionnumber1.AlistoftheseprioritiesisgiveninTable4.
Table4 NomenclaturePriority*
Structure
Name
Structure
Name
-N(CH3)3+(asoneexample)
Oniumion
ArOH
Phenol
-CO2H
Carboxylicacid
-SH
Thiol
-SO3H
Sulfonicacid
-NR2
Amine
-COX
Acidhalide
-O-O-
Peroxide
-CONR2
Amide
-MgX(asoneexample)
Organometallic
-CN
Nitrile
>C=C<
alkene
-CHO
Aldehyde
-C
C-
alkyne
-CO-
Ketone
R-,X-,etc.
othersubstituents
ROH
Alcohol
*Highestpriorityisattop.
Ketones
Inthesystematicnamesforketones,the-eoftheparentalkanenameisdroppedand-oneisadded.Aprefixnumberisusedifnecessary.
Inacomplexstructure,aketonegroupmybenamedinIUPACsystemwiththeprefixoxo-.(Theprefixketo-isalsosometimesencountered.)
Alcohols
Thenamesofalcoholsmaybe:
(1)IUPAC;
(2)trivial;or,occasionally,(3)conjunctive.IUPACnamesaretakenfromthenameofthealkanewiththefinal-echangedto-ol.Inthecaseofpolyols,theprefixdi-,tri-etc.isplacedjustbefore-ol,withthepositionnumbersplacedatthestartofthename,ifpossible,suchas,1,4-cyclohexandiol.Namesforsomealkylhalides,ketonesandalcoholsarelistedinTable5.
Table5 SomeAlkylhalides,KetonesandAlcohols
Alkylhalides
Ketones
Alcohols
IUPAC
COMMON
Chloromethane
Methylchlor
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