应用文类型及其写作方法.docx
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应用文类型及其写作方法.docx
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应用文类型及其写作方法
Waysofdevelopingparagraphs:
Developmentbytime
Developmentbyprocess
DevelopmentbySpace
DevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralization
Developmentbycomparisonandcontrast
Developmentbycauseandeffect
Developmentbyclassification
Developmentbydefinition
Developmentbyacombinationofmethods
1.Developmentbytime
Intellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime:
earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingsfirstandthelastthinglast.
Example:
MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination–Beijing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,IwasdazzledbythebrightautumnshiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethanthirtyhoursandspentansleeplessnight,Ididn’tfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinBeijingwouldbeassunnyastheskies.
2.Developmentbyprocess
Whenwehavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by–stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.
Example:
Itisnecessaryforapersontoknowhowtopostaparcel,sincealmosteveryonehasrelativesandfriendslivingfarawayandhemayliketosendthemsomething.Differentobjectsarepackedindifferentways.Thingslikebottleofmedicineandwatchesshouldbeputintowoodenboxestoavoidbreakage.Afteryouhavepackedtheobjects,putdownyouraddressandthatoftheaddresseeonthewrapping.Givetheparceltothepostalclerkforhimtocheck.Hewillthengiveyouafirmtofillin.Havingfilledintheform,yougiveittogetherwiththeparceltotheclerk.Hewillweightheparcelandtellyouhowmuchyoushouldpay.Youpaythemoneyandgetreceipt.BEsuretokeepyourreceiptuntilyouaresurethattheaddresseehasreceivedtheparcel.Ifanythingwrongshouldhappentoyourparcel,youcanshowthereceipttotheclerkandasktobereimbursed.
3.DevelopmentbySpace
Beforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeoutdescriptionaccordingly.
Example:
Mr.Cook,arenownedAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentiftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandthegrowthofthesouthernstates.TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,thecowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Fromthedescriptionabove,onecanseeethatMr.CookregardshisbookshelvesasamapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvenient.
4.DevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralization
Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable,orconvincing.
Example:
Thistermseveralusefulandinterestingcourseshadebeenoffered.AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,forinstance,givesusalotofbackgroundknowledgeofthehistoryofEuropeanphilosophy,literature,andarts.Fromtimetotimeweseeslideshowsoffamouspaintingsandheartapesoffamouspiecesofmusic,andtheymakethelecturesallthemoreinteresting.AmericanSocietyandCultureisanothercoursethatattractsalargeaudience.Theteacher,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesnotlongago,discussesnewtrendsandchangesinAmericanlifeaswellasAmericanhistoryandtraditions.Weliketheseandothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutbroadenourvision.
Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.
Example:
Mylittleniece,aten-month-oldbaby,isthemostlovelychildIhaveevenseen.Herfaceislikearedappleandhereyesarelikebrightstars.Whenyoucarryherinyourarms,shelikestoputherarmsaroundyourneck.Allthegrownupsinthefamilyloveherverymuchandoftentrytomakehersmile.Butquiteoftenitisshewhomakesuslaugh.OnceIwinkedatherandshesmiled.WhenIdiditagain,shewatchedmeattentively.Thenshetriedtoimitate.Whileweclosedoneeyetowink,shehadtoclosebotheyesatthesametime,andthenquicklyopenedthemagain.Andthatwasherwaytowink.Weallburstintolaughter.Whenwelookedatheragain,shewasstaringatus,puzzled,asifshewasasking:
“Whatareyoulaughingat?
”
5.Developmentbycomparisonandcontrast
6.Developmentbycauseandeffect
7.Developmentbyclassification
8.Developmentbydefinition
9.Developmentbyacombinationofmethods
应用文类型及其写作方法
第一节段首句作文
一、写作要求
段首句作文是四级考试中常见的一种题型。
通常分两种:
一种是段首句点明每段的主题,这种段首句被称为主题句;另一种是段首句作为开场白,引出文章的思路,这种段首句被称为提示句。
不管是何种,段首句作文都属于控制性作文的范畴。
一般要求考生写三段,每段都给出段首句,要求根据段首句来补充和扩写,使之成为一个完整的段落。
因此,续写的文字必须与段首句在意义上连成一体,形式上互为统一,否则旧有扣题不紧,偏离主题之嫌。
因此,写作时应注意以下两点:
1.认真审题,抓住段首句的中心思想以及所限定的范围,也就是围绕主导思想展开段落,以免扩充的材料偏离方向。
2.段落之间的过度要自然,前后要照应,句子之间的衔接要自然、流畅,以便达到结构上的连贯。
二、范文点评
[范文一]
题目:
WhatdoyouthinkofComputerNetwork?
Computernetworkplaysanimportantroleinourlife.
However,computernetworkcancreatesomeproblems,too.
Thereisnodoubtthatcomputernetworkcontributesgreatlyinourlife.
[写作步骤]
(1)分析
题目:
如何看待计算机网络
题型:
段首句作文(不能偏离段首句暗示的范围)
(2)根据各段首句主导思想,列出提纲:
A:
theimportantroleinlife
a.bringingconveniencetotheschool
b.bringingconvenienceathome
c.bringingconvenienceintheoffice
B:
someproblems
a.valuelessinformation
b.virus
C:
contributions
(3)将提纲扩充成文:
Whatdoyouthinkofcomputernetwork?
Computernetworkplaysanimportantroleinourlife.Somethinglike“informationexpressway”,theInternetbringsmanyconveniencesintoschool,homesandoffices.Collegestudentscantrackdownthelibrarycatalogue,andcanevenuseittofinishtheirpapers.Housewivescandoshoppingandpaymoneywithoutleavingtheirhomes.Businessmencansignacontractandmanagementscangiveanorderthroughtheelectronicmedia.Menandwomencanhaveaconversationwithpeoplebysendingandreceivingelectronicmails.Withacomputerandmodernanypersoncancallupinformationthroughouttheworld.
However,computernetworkcancreatesomeproblems,too.Sometimes,ittakespeoplemuchtimetosortoutthejunkmails.Ifthenetworkisseparatedorinfectedbyvirus,valuableinformationmayberevealedorevenlost.Therefore,thesafetyoftheInternetbecomesagrowingpublicconcernnowadays.
Despitetheproblemsexistinginthecomputernetwork,onethingiscertain:
ithascontributedandwillcontributegreatlytopeople’swayofthinkingandliving.Thereisnodoubtthatcomputernetworkcontributesgreatlyinourlife.
[范文二]
题目:
EnergyCrisis
Theenergycrisisisthreateningmankind’ssurvival.
Energyisofgreatimportanttoman.
Wemustuseeng.everywhereinourlife.
Therefore,
[写作步骤]
(1)分析
题目:
能源危机
题型:
段首句作文(第三句只是提示句)
(2)列出提纲:
A:
能源消耗,人口增长,能源越来越少
B:
没有能源,人类将失去现代的生活
C:
采取措施,合理利用、节约能源,并开发新能源
(3)扩充成文:
EnergyCrisis
Today,theenergycrisisisthreateningmankind’ssurvival.Foronething,withthedevelopmentofindustryandagriculture,theworldhasconsumedagreatdealofenergy.Energysuppliersarebecomingfewerandfewer,andsomeofthemhaveevengoneforever.Foranother,theworldpopulationhasbeenincreasingatafantasticspeed,whichmakesthesituationevenmoreserious.
Energyisofgreatimportanttoman.Iftherewerenoenergy,wewouldloseourcolorfulmodernlife.Wewouldhavetogiveupcarsandtrainsandtravelbyhorse-drawncarriages.Theinformationstoredinourcomputerswouldalldisappear.Inaword,wewouldn’tbeabletoexistintheworldoncewelosealltheenergyresources.
Therefore,weshouldtakeactivemeasurestoprotectorenergyresources:
weshouldletpeopleknowtheimportanceofsavingenergyanduseourenergyreasonably.Andwhatismore,weshouldmakeeffortstodevelopnewenergyresources,suchassolarenergy,thermalenergyandsoon.
练习:
1.Title:
Lifelonglearning
(1)Inaworldwhereknowledgeandinformationaregrowingatanexplosivepace,______
_____________________________________________________________.
(2)Onewaytolearnislearninghowtolearn.____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(3)Anotherapproachtolearnistoattemptsomethingchallenging.___________________
_____________________________________________________________.
1.LifelongLearning
Inaworldwhereknowledgeandinformationaregrowingatanexplosivepace,thereisformallearningprocedurethatcanpossiblykeepup.Ifyouarenotcontinuallyupdatingyourknowledge,youwillbeleftfarbehind.Herearewaystohaveyourlifelonglearning.
Onewaytolearnislearninghowtolearn.Withtherapidadvanceinscienceandtechnology,informationquicklybecomesoutofd
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