浅析中西方隐私观念的差异英语.docx
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浅析中西方隐私观念的差异英语.docx
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浅析中西方隐私观念的差异英语
OntheDifferenceBetweenChineseandWesternNotionofPrivacy
浅析中西方隐私观念的差异
Abstract
Nowadays,withthedevelopmentofglobalization,internationaltradeandculturalcommunicationhavebecomemoreandmorefrequent.Theconflicts,contradictions,misunderstandings,andcommunicationfailuresarecommonoccurrenceresultingfromdifferentnotionsofprivacybetweentheWesternersandChinese.DuetothedifferentbackgroundsofWesternandChineseculture,WesternersandChineseholddifferentvaluesofprivacy,resultingindifferentunderstandingsofthemeaningandscopeofprivacy.ThispaperfocusesoncomparisonofthedifferentnotionsofprivacybetweentheWestandChina,makesastudyontherootofthedifferentnotionsbetweentheWestandChina.Inanalyzingthedifferencesmoreclearly,thereisacomparisonmadeinthispapertoclarifythedifferentnotions,differentunderstandingsofprivateaffairs,differentcultures,differentregulationmechanismofprivacy,anddifferenthistoricaloriginsofprivacybetweentheWestandChina.Itisbelievedthatcorrectunderstandingofthesedifferenceswillbehelpfulforsmoothcross-culturalcommunication.
KEYWORDS:
China,theWest,notionofprivacy,culture,difference,origin
摘要
现如今,随着国际化的发展,国际贸易及国际间的文化交流变得越来越频繁。
因为中西方的隐私观念不同而造成的冲突,矛盾,误解,甚至是交流失败更是屡见不鲜。
由于中西方背景的差异,中国人和西方人持有不同的价值观念,因而对于隐私的含义,范畴的理解及维护的意识也不相同。
本文着力于分析和比较中西方不同的隐私观念,对其形成的根源进行研究。
为了使得中西方不同的隐私挂念分析的更加清晰,本文包括了中西方不同的隐私观念,中西方对个人事务的不同理解,中西方不同的文化,中西方不同的隐私调节机制,中西方不同隐私观念的起源。
对这些不同的正确认识对跨文化交际的顺利进行是非常有帮助的。
关键词:
中国;西方;隐私观;文化;差异;根源
TableofContents
1.Introduction
Nowadays,withthedevelopmentofthecutting-edgetechnology,especiallyinternationalnetwork,theworldisbecomingsmaller.Andwiththedevelopmentofthesociety,thelivingstandardsofthepeopleallovertheworldhasbeenincreasinggreatlyascomparedwiththatoftheformerdays,andtheirbasicneedsarenolongerconfinedtomaterialneeds,e.g.,foods,houses,clothes,butareextendedtocoverthespiritualone.Therefore,theywanttocommunicatewithpeopleallovertheworld.Cross-culturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Duringtheprocessofthecross-culturalcommunication,therearemanymisunderstandings,conflicts,contradictionsandcommunicationfailuresresultedfromthedifferentprivacynotionsbetweentheWestandChina.Toachieveagoodunderstandingofcommunicationfailuresandtopromotethecross-culturalcommunication,thispaperpresentsreadersthecomparisonofdifferentconceptsofprivacybetweenthetheWestandChina,givesthedifferentdefinitionofprivacybetweentheWestandChina,introduceswhatarethesedifferencesbetweentheWestandChina,andanalyzestherootofthesedifferences.
ThispaperfocusesonthedifferentnotionsofprivacybetweentheWestandChina.Thispaperisdividedintofourparts,Thefirstpartisintroductionwhichgivesthebackgrounds,theme,significance,methods,andintroducesthestructureofthispaper.Thesecondpart,differencesbetweenWesternandChinesenotionofprivacy,isthecorepartofthispaper,includingadiscussionofdefinitionofprivacy,differentprivacynotionsbetweentheWestandChina,differentunderstandingsofprivateaffairs,cultureandprivacy,regulationmechanismofprivacy.Theanalysisoftherightsofprivacyarealsoincludedinthesecondpart.ThethirdpartdiscussesthehistoricaloriginofthedifferentprivacynotionsinboththeWestandChina,makesastudyofdifferentinfluencesuponthedifferenthistoricalbackgroundcultures,andshowshowthesedifferencescomeintobeing.Theforthpartistheconclusion,whichmakesasummaryofthispaper,andanalyzesthesignificanceofthisstudy.
2.DifferencesbetweenWesternandChinesenotionsofprivacy
2.1Definitionofprivacy
Privacyisdefinedas‘freedomfrominterferenceorpublicattention’inEnglish.《OXFORDADVANCEDLEARNER’SEnglish—ChineseDictionary》,(1998)Accordingtothisdefinition,privacyisaprivaterightthattheWesternerholdtheirownsecrets,anddon’twanttobedisturbedbyothersorpublicattention,don’tneedtotelltheprivateaffairstootherpeople.Itisarightwhichishighlyrespected.PrivacycanbedividedintofourcategoriesinWesterners’mindsasfollow,
(1)solitude,itmeanslivingawayfromtheoutsideworld;
(2)intimacy,itmeanstheWesternersjusttelltheirownsecretstorelativesortheclosestfriends,(3)anonymity,itmeanstheWesternersdon’twanttoberecognizedbyotherpeople,(4)self―reserve,itmeanstheWesternersavoidtheunneededharassment.Infact,thesefourkindsofprivacycanbefoundineveryculturetosomepoint,butdifferentkindsofcultureattachdifferentemphasistodifferentparts.TheWesternerspaymoreattentiontotheirprivacyrightsthantheChinesepeopledo.Asthemoderntechnologyadvances,theworldisbecomingsmaller;privacyisbecomingmoreandmoreun-safer.TheWallStreetJournalandtheWesternBroadcastingCompanyhavemadeasurveywhichshowthatprivacyisthemostoutstandingprobleminthe21stcenturyoftheWesternpeople,andtheWesternerspaymoreattentiontoprivacythanpopulationexplosion,racialconflict,andgreenhouseeffect.TherearesomerepresentativeunderstandingsaboutprivacyintheeyesoftheChinesepeople,i.e.,privateinformation,whichmeansthattheChinesepeoplekeeptheirownprivateinformation,andareunwillingtohavetheirinformationrevealedtothepublic;thesecondissecretsofprivatelife,whichmeansthatChinesepeopleliveinapeacefulcircumstance,andareunwillingtobedisturbedbyotherpeopleanddon'twanttheirownprivateinformationtobecollectedorannouncedtothepublicinanillegalwaybyotherpeople.(曾丽洁,2007).
2.2DifferentprivacynotionsbetweentheWestandChina
2.2.1Westernnotionofprivacy
TheWesternersconsiderthatprivacyoftheindividualcanbeseparatedintofourpartsasfollow:
(1)Individualautonomy,itreferstoanindividual’sintentiontoavoidotherpeople’scontrolanddomination.
(2)Emotionalrelease,itreferstoanindividual’sintentiontohavetheopportunitytoadjustthestructureofself-emotion.
(3)Self-assessment,itreferstoanindividual’sintentiontohavetheopportunitytoassessandrecognizetheirself-behaviororexperience.
(4)Limitedprotectionofcommunication,itreferstoanindividual’sintentiontohavetheopportunitytoachievethebalancebetweenindividualsandsociety.Peoplecanmakethedefiningofthinkingbetweenthefamilygroupandformaloccasionstochoosethedifferentcommunicationchoicesindifferentoccasions.
AccordingtothesocialperspectiveoftheWesterncountriesandAmerica,thedifferencesofculture,ideology,customandculturecanbeseeneverywhere.Yetfortheindividualprivacy,allthepeoplefromthesecountrieshaveabottomline.Oncethebottomlinewasbroken,theindividualwillfightfortheirprivacyrightandtakeactionaccordingtolaw.
2.2.2Chinesenotionofprivacy
Chinesepeopledoesnotapproveoftheword―‘private’intheirminds,andtherightsofindividualsbasicallywereconsideredtobeselfishinterestsforalongtimebefore;theChinesepeoplehardlyhavethenotionofprivacy;therefore,thereisnotawordinChinesewhichmeansexactlythesameastheword‘privacy’inEnglish.Fromthispoint,thedifferencesintreatingindividualaffairsbetweentheWestandChinahavemadeclear.WeChinesetranslatetheword‘privacy’intoChineseas‘隐私权’(therightofprivacy),infactit’snottotallytheexactmeaningoftheword‘privacy’.However,theconnotationofprivacyisveryabundant.AccordingtotheEncyclopediaBritannicaLibrary,SuperCourtJusticeBrandies,itdescribesprivacyin1890as“therighttobeleftalone.Intortslaw,privacyisarightnottobedisturbedemotionallybyconductdesignedtosubjectvictimtogreattensionbybaringhisintimatelifeandaffairstopublicvieworbyhumiliatingorannoyinginvasionsofhissolitude,theprotectionofindividuals’honor,reputation.(EncyclopediaBritannica,2006)
2.3Differentunderstandingsofprivateaffairs
2.3.1Politeness
TherelationshipbetweenpolitenessandprivacyinEnglishandChineselifearedifferent.Forexample,Chinesepeopleexpressconcernforothersbyaskingtheirageandincome,whichissurlypoliteinChinese’sminds.However,inWesterner’sopinion,thisisarudemannertocollecttheirprivateaffairs.TheChinesealwaysaskothersquestionlike“Didyouhavesupperyet?
”InChinesepeople’smind,itisawayofgreetingandthereisnoanyadditionalmeaning.Nevertheless,inWesterner’smind,theythinkingyouwanttoinvitethemtohavesupper,andyouwillpaythebill.“Whereareyougoing?
”isnothingspecialforChinesepeople.Itisawaytogreetsomebody.However,theWesternerswilltendtobelievethattheyhavebeenmonitored.SincetheWesternerspaygreatattentiontotheirpersonalrightsandprivacy,theyfocusonpersonalcontribution.Inthissense,ChinesepolitenessprinciplesandtheWestern’shavesubstantialdistinction.
2.3.2Income
“Howmuchdoyouearnamonth?
”isanotherquestionthatChinesepeopleliketoask.Therefore,ifyouaskaWesternerthequestionlikethat,theywilltendtobelievethatyouarecollectingtheirpersonalinformation.InWesterncountries,theWesternersdon’tknoweachothers’incomeorsalary,evenforfamilymembers,butitdoesnotmeanthefamilymembersdonotcareabouteachother.Rather,it’sakindofrespect,andit’sindividual’sprivacyandindependence.InWesterncountries,incomeorsalaryreflectsone’spersonalability.Andthereisabigdisparitybetweenthepovertyandwealth,thewes
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- 关 键 词:
- 浅析 中西方 隐私 观念 差异 英语