语言学教程测试题及问题详解.docx

语言学教程测试题及问题详解.docx

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语言学教程测试题及问题详解

Chapter1  IntroductionstoLinguistics

I.      Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.  Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman    

    __________

A.contact    B.communication    C.relation      D.community

2.  Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

      A.tree    B.typewriter      C.crash        D.bang

3.  Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is  

__________.

    A.interrogative（疑问）    B.directive    C.informative    D.performative

4.    InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

    A.Interpersonal  B.Emotive    C.Performative√    D.Recreational

5.  Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

  A.Transferability  B.Duality    C.Displacement      D.Arbitrariness

6.  Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

      —Aniceday,isn’tit?

      —Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

    A.Emotive      B.Phatic    C.Performative    D.Interpersonal

7.  __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s  knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

      A.Performance  B.Competence    C.Langue      D.Parole

8.      Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

  A.culturaltransmission  B.productivity  C.displacement    D.duality

9.  __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

  A.Psycholinguistics  B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics    D.Appliedlinguistics

10.  __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

  A.Linguistictheory            B.Practicallinguistics

  C.Appliedlinguistics            D.Comparativelinguistics

II.      Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.      Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.F

12.      Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.TF?

?

13.      Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.FT?

?

14.      Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.F

15.      Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.F

16.      Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F

17.      F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.FSwiss

18.      AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.F

19.      Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.F

20.      Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.F

III.      Fillintheblanks.（10%）

21.  Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__verbal_communication.

22.      Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__creativity________.

23.      Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis___metalingualfunction_______.

24.      Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__yo-he-ho________theory.

25.      Linguisticsisthe_scientific_________studyoflanguage.

26.      Modernlinguisticsis_descriptive_________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.

27.      Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof___speech_______overwriting.

28.      Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_diachronic_linguistic________study.

29.      Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts._langue_________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

30.      LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__competence________.

IV.      Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.（20%）

31.      Designfeature

 Designfeature:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.      Displacement

  Displacement:

Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33.      Competence

 Competence:

Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.      Synchroniclinguistics

Synchroniclinguistics:

Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

V.      Answerthefollowingquestions.（20%）

35.      Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?

（南开大学，2004）

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.      Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?

（北京第二外国语大学，2004）

  Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

VI.      Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%）

37.      Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?

（青岛海洋大学，1999）

   Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

I.

1~5BACCC                          6~10BACAC

II.

11~15FFTFF                          16~20FFFFF

III.

21.verbal                                22.productivity/creativity

23.metalingualfunction                24.yo-he-ho

25.scientific                          26.descriptive

27.speech                          28.diachroniclinguistic

29.langue                          30.competence          

Chapter2  SpeechSounds

I.      Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.      Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

      A.intonation  B.tone    C.pronunciation          D.voice

2.      Conventionallya__________isputinslashes（//）.

      A.allophone      B.phone []     C.phoneme //     D.morpheme

3.      Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

      A.analogues    B.tagmemes    C.morphemes    D.allophones

4.      Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas

    __________.

      A.glottis 声门     B.vocalcavity      C.pharynx          D.uvula

5.      Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.?

?

      A.wide    B.closing  C.narrow        D.centering

6.      Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

      A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs  C.phones    D.allophones

7.      Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

      A.Acousticphonetics        B.Articulatoryphonetics

      C.Auditoryphonetics        D.Noneoftheabove

8.      Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

      A.[n]      B.[m]        C.[b]          D.[p]

9.      Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

      A.[i:

]        B.[u]          C.[e]        D.[i]

10.      Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

      A.Voiceless      B.Voiced    C.Glottalstop      D.Consonant

II.