唐力力 Asbecausesincelike.docx
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唐力力 Asbecausesincelike.docx
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唐力力Asbecausesincelike
As,Because,SinceandFor
Ascanbeusedtorefertothereasonforsomething.Thisisparticularlycommonwhenthereasonisalreadyknowntothelistener/reader,orwhenitisnotthemostimportantpartofthesentence.
∙Ashewasn'tready,wewentwithouthim.
As-clausesoftencomeatthebeginningofsentences.Theyarerelativelyformal.Inaninformalstyle,thesameideasareoftenexpressedwithso.
∙Hewasn'tready,sowewentwithouthim.
∙Shewantedtopass,soshedecidedtostudywell.
Asandsince
Asandsincecanbothbeusedtorefertothereasonforsomething.Theyareusedinthesameway.
∙Ashewasn'tready,wewentwithouthim.
∙Sinceshewantedtopassherexam,shedecidedtostudywell.
Since-andas-clausescannotstandalone.
Because
Becauseoftenintroducesnewinformationwhichisnotknowntothelistener/reader.Itputsmoreemphasisonthereason.Whenthereasonisthemostimportantpartofthesentence,thebecause-clauseusuallycomesattheend.
∙Wehaddinnerafterteno'clockbecausedadarrivedlate.
∙Heboughtanewhomebecausehewonalottery.
∙IreadbecauseIlikereading.
Abecause-clausecanstandalone.
∙Whyareyoucrying?
BecauseJohnhitme.
For
Weuseafor-clausewhenweintroducenewinformation.Afor-clauseoftenexpressesaninference.Itcannotcomeatthebeginning.Itcannotstandaloneeither.
∙IdecidedtoconsultadoctorforIwasfeelingbad.
∙Somethingcertainlyfellill;forIheardasplash.
∙Allprecautionsmusthavebeenneglected,fortheepidemicspreadrapidly.
UsingAdverbClauseswithExpressionsofCauseandEffect
Thesetypeofclausesexplainthereasonsforwhathappensinthemainclause.Example:
Heboughtanewhomebecausehegotabetterjob.Takealookatthechartbelowtostudythevarioususagesofdifferentexpressionsofcauseandeffect.Notethatalloftheseexpressionsaresynonymsof'because'.
Punctuation
Whenanadverbclausebeginsthesentenceuseacommatoseparatethetwoclauses.Example:
Becausehehadtoworklate,wehaddinnerafternineo'clock.Whentheadverbclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.Example:
Wehaddinnerafternineo'clockbecausehehadtoworklate.
Because
∙Theyreceivedahighmarkontheirexambecausetheyhadstudiedhard.
∙I'mstudyinghardbecauseIwanttopassmyexam.
∙Heworksalotofovertimebecausehisrentissoexpensive
Noticehowbecausecanbeusedwithavarietyoftensesbasedonthetimerelationshipbetweenthetwoclauses.
Since
∙Sincehelovesmusicsomuch,hedecidedtogotoaconservatory.
∙Theyhadtoleaveearlysincetheirtrainleftat8.30.
'Since'meansthesameasbecause.'Since'tendstobeusedinmoreinformalspokenEnglish.Importantnote:
"Since"whenusedasaconjunctionistypicallyusedtorefertoaperiodoftime,while"because"impliesacauseorreason.
As
∙Asthetestisdifficult,youhadbettergetsomesleep.
'As'meansthesameasbecause.'As'tendstobeusedinmoreformal,writtenEnglish.
Combinebothsentenceswithso,becauseorsince.
Thewaiterwasamazed.
Theyoungcouplehadorderedpriceywineandlobster.
1.(Because)…………………………………………………………………………………..
Jason’screditcardwasdeclinedbythechargecardcompany.
ThewaitertoldJasonaboutit.
2.(So)………………………………………………………………………………………….
Jason’screditcardwasdeclinedtwice.
Jasongavethewaiteranothercreditcard.
3.(Since)………………………………………………………………………………………
Jasonwantedtomoveintohisgirlfriend’splace.
Jason’splacewasbeingremodeled.
4.(So)…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Jasonwasswitchingbankaccountsatthemoment.
Jasonaskedhisgirlfriendtopaythecheck.
5.(Because)…………………………………………………………………………………….
Jasondidn’thavemoneytopaythecheck.
Jason’sgirlfriendlefthimaloneintherestaurant.
6.(Since)…………………………………………………………………………………….
Because/since/as
Motherdidnotbakecookies__________________.
a)Sinceshewaslateforanappointment
b)Becauseshewaslateforanappointment
c)Asshewaslateforanappointment
Ritaquitherjob__________________.
a)Sinceherbosswasnasty.
b)Becauseherbosswasnasty.
c)Forherbosswasmean.
__________________,hiswordshadlittleeffectonher.
a)Sinceshealreadyknewthetruth
b)Becauseshealreadyknewthetruth
c)Forshealreadyknewthetruth
likeversusas
NowtheveryattentivelistenerswillnoticeadifferencebetweenthatadandwhatIsaidlastweek,andthatdifferenceisthereasontoday'stopicislikeversusas.Thisweek,Isaid,“Ijustentertwopasswords,andit'sasifI'msittingatmyowncomputer.”Lastweek,Isaid,“Ijustentertwopasswords,andit'slikeI'msittingatmyowncomputer,”andbysayingthatIunwittinglystumbledintoaraginggrammarwar.
Thebackgroundisthattraditionallylikeisaprepositionandasisaconjunction.Nevertheless,peoplehavebeenusinglikeasifitwereaconjunction(asIdid)foratleast100years,andgrammarianshavebeenragingagainstthatuseforjustaslong.Infact,theHarperDictionaryofContemporaryUsagestatesthat“probablynosinglequestionofusagehascreatedgreatercontroversyinrecentyears”thantheconjunctiveuseoflike.
Firstofall,let’squicklyreviewwhataprepositionis,andwhataconjunctionis.AccordingtothebookWoeIsI,aprepositionis“awordthat‘positions’orsituateswordsinrelationtooneanother.” Examplesarein,around,andthrough.Aconjunctionis,simply,“aconnectingword.”Commonconjunctionsareand,but,andor
(1).
Theproperwaytodifferentiatebetweenlikeandasistouselikewhennoverbfollows
(2).Forexample,SquigglythrowslikearaccoonorItactedjustlikemycomputer.NoticethatwhenIuselike,thewordsthatcomeafteraregenerallysimple.Araccoonandmycomputeraretheobjectsofthepreposition.
Iftheclausethatcomesnextincludesaverb,thenyoushoulduseas.Forexample,SquigglythrowsasifhewerearaccoonorItactedjustasIwouldexpectmycomputertobehave.NoticethatwhenIuseas,thewordsthatcomeaftertendtobemorecomplex.
Yougenerallyhearlikeusedineverydayspeech,sothathelpsmerememberthatlikeisthesimplerword—oratleastitisfollowedbysimplerwords.Assoundsstuffierandisfollowedbyamorecomplexclausethatcontainsaverb.
Whetheryouabidebythisruleornotprobablydependsonhowmuchofagrammarstickleryouare.It'scommontohearsentenceslikethis:
It'slikeI'msittingatmyowncomputer.Andasaresult,manypeopledon'tknowit'swrong.Inonesurvey,21percentofprofessionalwritersandeditorssaidtheyfoundsuchconstructionsacceptableincasualspeech.Ontheotherhand,only6percentthoughttheconstructionwouldbeOKinformalwriting(3).
Ihavetoadmitthatafterreadingentriesinthreeusageguides(3,4,5),Ifeltabitbrowbeatenaboutthewholetopic.Evenaslikeisbecomingmoreentrenchedineverydayuse,professionalgrammariansareabsolutelyresolvedthatthisisatrendworthfighting.Manylanguageexpertsseemfullypreparedtorailagainstitwithalltheirmight,andsomeofthecommentswerequitevicious.
Somyadviceisdon'tdoit—don'tuselikeasaconjunction,especiallyinwriting,unlessyouarereadyforthefullforceoframpaginggrammarianstoraindownonyou(whichisnotwhatI'mgenerallygoingforintheadviceIgiveyou).
Herearemoreexamplesofcorrectsentencestohelpyouremembertherule:
EXAMPLE:
MycousinlookslikeBatman.
EXAMPLE:
Myneighboryelledlikeamaniac.
EXAMPLE:
It'sasifmycousinwereBatman.
EXAMPLE:
Myneighboryelledasthoughhewereamaniac.
Afinalnoteisthatthereisnodiscernibledifferencebetweenasifandasthough.Somesourcessaythatasifisoftenusedforlesslikelyscenarios—mycousinbeingBatman—andasthoughformorelikelyscenarios—myneighborisamaniac—butthisisn'tadefinitiverule.
Asorlike?
Matchingexercise
Matchtheitemsontherightwiththeitemsontheleft.
窗体顶端
Shesings______anangel.
I'mmuchbetter______youcansee.
Mysisterisnotatall______me.
Mydaughterisjust______mysister.
I'mattendingthemeeting______anobserver
Iuseoneofthebedrooms______anoffice.
Youarevery______yourmother.
Ihopetoqualify______anengineer.
MyfriendRoblooks______JohnTravolta.
ThereistoomuchtrafficinLondon______inNewYork.
We'relateforthetrain.We'llhavetorun______thewind.
I'myourfriendand,______afriend,Iadviseyoutothinkagain.
Idon'tknowyouaswellashedoesbut,______yourfriend,Iadviseyoutothinkagain.
Youdon'tlikeconfrontations,______me.
Iwanttojointheairforce______apilot.
Weneedastrongleader______WinstonChurchill.
Hehasgonetoourcompetitors______marketingmanager.
I'veappointedSimonWilliams______thenewtrustee.
I'vedonethework______weagreed.
Iwassure,______waseverybodyelse,thatyouwoulddowellinthisjob.
窗体底端
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