国际经济贸易.docx
- 文档编号:8532321
- 上传时间:2023-01-31
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:9
- 大小:22.87KB
国际经济贸易.docx
《国际经济贸易.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《国际经济贸易.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
国际经济贸易
Internationaleconomic
cooperationisanactivityundertakenbymeansofdirecttransferandrationalre-composingofproductionfactorsamongcountries.VariousformsofinternationaleconomiccooperationmaymainlyinvolveInternationalProjectContracting,InternationalLaborServiceCooperationandInternationalDevelopmentAssistance,InternationalLeasingandInternationalTourismetc.
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)istheonlyglobalinternationalorganizationdealingwiththerulesoftradebetweennations.AtitsheartaretheWTOagreements,negotiatedandsignedbythebulkoftheworld’stradingnationsandratifiedintheirparliaments.Thegoalistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exporters,andimportersconducttheirbusiness.
WTOaimprovisions宗旨
Recognizingthattheirrelationsinthefieldoftradeandeconomicendeavorshouldbeconductedwithaviewtoraisingstandardsofliving,ensuringfullemploymentandalargeandsteadilygrowingvolumeofrealincomeandeffectivedemand,andexpandingtheproductionoftradeingoodsandservices,whileallowingfortheoptionaluseoftheworld’sresourcesinaccordancewiththeobjectiveofsustainabledevelopment,seekingbothtoprotectandreservetheenvironmentandtoenhancethemeansfordoingsoinamannerconsistentwiththeirrespectiveneedsandconcernsatdifferentlevelsofeconomicdevelopment.
WTOessentialfunctionsare:
----administeringandimplementingthemultilateralandplural-lateraltradeagreementswhichtogethermakeuptheWTO;
---actingasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;
---seekingtoresolvetradedisputes;
---overseeingnationaltradepolicies;and
---cooperatingwithotherinternationalinstitutionsinvolvedinglobaleconomicpolicy-making.
Principlesofthetradingsystem
1.Tradewithoutdiscrimination非歧视贸易原则
⑴Most-favoured-nation(MFN):
treatingotherpeopleequally 最惠国待遇(原则)
UndertheWTOagreements,countriescannotnormallydiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.Grantsomeoneaspecialfavour(suchasalowercustomsdutyrateforoneoftheirproducts)andyouhavetodothesameforallotherWTOmembers.
⑵Nationaltreatment:
Treatingforeignersandlocalsequally
国民待遇(原则)
Importedandlocally-producedgoodsshouldbetreatedequally—atleastaftertheforeigngoodshaveenteredthemarket.Thesameshouldapplytoforeignanddomesticservices,andtoforeignandlocaltrademarks,copyrightsandpatents.Thisprincipleof“nationaltreatment”(givingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals)isalsofoundinallthethreemainWTOagreements(Article3ofGATT,Article17ofGATSandArticle3ofTRIPS),althoughonceagaintheprincipleishandledslightlydifferentlyineachofthese.
2.Freertrade:
gradually,throughnegotiation
市场准入---通过谈判逐步实现更大程度的贸易自由化
Loweringtradebarriersisoneofthemostobviousmeansofencouragingtrade.Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsduties(ortariffs)andmeasuressuchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.Fromtimetotimeotherissuessuchasredtape繁文缛节andexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.
3.Predictability:
throughbindingandtransparency
政策法规透明度原则
Sometimes,promisingnottoraiseatradebarriercanbeasimportantasloweringone,becausethepromisegivesbusinessesaclearerviewoftheirfutureopportunities.Withstabilityandpredictability,investmentisencouraged,jobsarecreatedandconsumerscanfullyenjoythebenefitsofcompetition—choiceandlowerprices.Themultilateraltradingsystemisanattemptbygovernmentstomakethebusinessenvironmentstableandpredictable.
4.Promotingfaircompetition
促进公平竞争(原则)
TheWTOissometimesdescribedasa“freetrade”institution,butthatisnotentirelyaccurate.Thesystemdoesallowtariffsand,inlimitedcircumstances,otherformsofprotection.Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fairandundistortedcompetition.
5.Encouragingdevelopmentandeconomicreform
鼓励发展和经济改革(原则)
TheWTOsystemcontributestodevelopment.Ontheotherhand,developingcountriesneedflexibilityinthetimetheytaketoimplementthesystem’sagreements.AndtheagreementsthemselvesinherittheearlierprovisionsofGATTthatallowforspecialassistanceandtradeconcessionsfordevelopingcountries.
2001.12.11中国加入世贸组织
InternationalTourism国际旅游istheactivitiesofpersonstravelingtoandstayinginplacesoutsidetheirowncountriesfornotmorethanoneconsecutiveyearforleisure,businessorotherpurposes.
TheEuropeanUnion
27memberstatesCommittedtoregionalintegration致力于区域经济一体化TheEUhasdevelopedasinglemarketthroughastandardisedsystemoflawswhichapplyinallmemberstates,ensuringthefreedomofmovementofpeople,goods,services,andcapital.Itmaintainscommonpoliciesontrade,agriculture,fisheriesandregionaldevelopment.Acommoncurrency,theeuro,hasbeenadoptedbysixteenmemberstatesthatarethusknownastheEurozone.
TheEUhasdevelopedalimitedroleinforeignpolicy,havingrepresentationattheWTO,G8summits,andattheUN.Itenactslegislation制定法规injusticeandhomeaffairs,includingtheabolitionofpassportcontrolsbetweenmanymemberstateswhichformpartoftheSchengenArea.Twenty-oneEUcountriesaremembersofNATO.
Aninternationalorganisationsuigeneris,theEUoperatesthroughahybrid混合的systemofsupranationalism超国家主义andintergovernmentalism政府间主义.Incertainareas,itdependsuponagreementbetweenthememberstates;inothers,supranationalbodiesareabletomakedecisionswithoutunanimity一致同意.
ImportantinstitutionsandbodiesoftheEUincludetheEuropeanCommission欧委会,theCounciloftheEuropeanUnion欧洲联盟理事会,theEuropeanCouncil欧洲理事会,theEuropeanCourtofJustice,andtheEuropeanCentralBank.TheEuropeanParliamentiselectedeveryfiveyearsbymemberstates'citizens,towhomthecitizenshipoftheEuropeanUnionisguaranteed.
TheEUtracesitsoriginstotheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity欧洲煤炭钢铁共同体formedamongsixcountriesin1951andtheTreatyofRomein1957.Sincethentheunionhasgrowninsizethroughtheaccessionofnewcountries,andnewpolicyareashavebeenaddedtotheremitoftheEU'sinstitutions欧盟机构.
北美自由贸易区NorthAmericanFreeTradeAreaNAFTA
TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementorNAFTAisanagreementsignedbythegovernmentsofCanada,Mexico,andtheUnitedStates,creatingatrilateraltradeblocinNorthAmerica.TheagreementcameintoforceonJanuary1,1994.Itsuperseded取代,接替theCanada-UnitedStatesFreeTradeAgreementbetweentheU.S.andCanada.IntermsofcombinedpurchasingpowerparityGDPofitsmembers,asof2007thetradeblockisthelargestintheworld.
ThegoalofNAFTAwastoeliminatebarriersoftradeandinvestmentbetweentheUSA,CanadaandMexico.TheimplementationofNAFTAonJanuary1,1994,broughttheimmediateeliminationoftariffsonmorethanonehalfofUSimportsfromMexicoandmorethanonethirdofUSexportstoMexico.
Within10yearsoftheimplementation贯彻执行oftheagreement,allUS-MexicotariffswouldbeeliminatedexceptforsomeUSagriculturalexportstoMexicothatweretobephasedoutin15years.MostUS-Canadatradewasalreadydutyfree.NAFTAalsoseekstoeliminatenon-tarifftradebarriers.
Article102:
Objectives《北美自由贸易协定》一章2条规定北美宗旨和原则
1.TheobjectivesofthisAgreement,aselaboratedmorespecificallythroughitsprinciplesandrules,includingnationaltreatment,most-favored-nationtreatmentandtransparencyareto:
(1)eliminatebarrierstotradein,andfacilitatethecrossbordermovementof,goodsandservicesbetweentheterritoriesoftheParties;
(2)promoteconditionsoffaircompetitioninthefreetradearea;(3)increasesubstantiallyinvestmentopportunitiesintheirterritories;(4)provideadequateandeffectiveprotectionandenforcementofintellectualpropertyrightsineachParty'sterritory;(5)createeffectiveproceduresfortheimplementationandapplicationofthisAgreement,andforitsjointadministrationandtheresolutionofdisputes;and(6)establishaframeworkforfurthertrilateral,regionalandmultilateralcooperationtoexpandandenhancethebenefitsofthisAgreement.
TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations东南亚国家联盟
isageo-politicalandeconomicorganizationof10countrieslocatedinSoutheastAsia,whichwasformedonAugust8,1967byIndonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand.Itsaimsincludetheaccelerationofeconomicgrowth,socialprogress,culturaldevelopmentamongitsmembers,theprotectionofthepeaceandstabilityoftheregion,andtoprovideopportunitiesformembercountriestodiscussdifferencespeacefully.
条约ASEANFreeTradeArea(AFTA)isatradeblocagreementbytheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationssupportinglocalmanufacturinginallASEANcountries.TheAFTAagreementwassignedon28January1992inSingapore.WhentheAFTAagreementwasoriginallysigned,ASEANhadsixmembers,namely,Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,SingaporeandThailand.Vietnamjoinedin1995,LaosandMyanmarin1997andCambodiain1999.
TheprimarygoalsofAFTAseekto:
IncreaseASEAN‘scompetitiveedge竞争优势asaproductionbaseintheworldmarketthroughtheelimination,withinASEAN,oftariffsandnon-tariffbarriers;andAttractmoreforeigndirectinvestmenttoASEAN.
TheChina-ASEANExpo
ProposedbyH.E.WenJiabao,PremierofChinaatthe7thChina-ASEAN(10+1)Leaders’SummitheldinPaliIsland,IndonesiaonOctober8,2003,theChina-ASEANExpoisanannualeventconvenedinNanning,Guangxi,Chinasincetheyear2004.Asapragmaticendeavor务实努力topromotetheconstructionoftheChina-ASEANFreeTradeArea(CAFTA),thisproposewaswellrec
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 国际经济贸易