英文文献及翻译计算机专业.docx
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英文文献及翻译计算机专业.docx
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英文文献及翻译计算机专业
NET-BASEDTASKMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
HectorGarcia—Molina,JeffreyD.Ullman,JenniferWisdom
ABSTRACT
Innet—basedcollaborativedesignenvironment,designresourcesbecomemoreandmorevariedandcomplex.Besidescommoninformationmanagementsystems,designresourcescanbeorganizedinconnectionwithdesignactivities.
Asetofactivitiesandresourceslinkedbylogicrelationscanformatask。
Ataskhasatleastoneobjectiveandcanbebrokendownintosmallerones.Soadesignprojectcanbeseparatedintomanysubtasksformingahierarchicalstructure.
TaskManagementSystem(TMS)isdesignedtobreakdownthesetasksandassigncertainresourcestoitstasknodes.Asaresultofdecomposition。
al1designresourcesandactivitiescouldbemanagedviathissystem.
KEYWORDS:
CollaborativeDesign,TaskManagementSystem(TMS),TaskDecomposition,InformationManagementSystem
1Introduction
Alongwiththerapidupgradeofrequestforadvanceddesignmethods,moreandmoredesigntoolappearedtosupportnewdesignmethodsandforms。
Designinawebenvironmentwithmulti—partnersbeinginvolvedrequiresamorepowerfulandefficientmanagementsystem。
Designpartnerscanbelocatedeverywhereoverthenetwiththeirownorganizations.Theycouldbemutuallyindependentexpertsorteamsoftensofemployees.Thisarticlediscussesataskmanagementsystem(TMS)whichmanagesdesignactivitiesandresourcesbybreakingdowndesignobjectivesandre—organizingdesignresourcesinconnectionwiththeactivities.Comparingwithcommoninformationmanagementsystems(IMS)likeproductdatamanagementsystemanddocumentmanagementsystem,TMScanmanagethewholedesignprocess。
Ithastwotierswhichmakeitmuchmoref1exibleinstructure。
The1owertierconsistsoftraditionalcommonIMSSandtheupperonefulfillslogicactivitymanagementthroughcontrollingatree—likestructure,allocatingdesignresourcesandmakingdecisionsabouthowtocarryoutadesignproject。
Itsfunctioningparadigmvariesindifferentprojectsdependingontheproject’sscaleandpurpose。
Asaresultofthisstructure,TMScanseparateitsdatamodelfromitslogicmode1.Itcouldbringaboutstructureoptimizationandefficiencyimprovement,especiallyinalargescaleproject.
2TaskManagementinNet—BasedCollaborativeDesignEnvironment
2。
1EvolutionoftheDesignEnvironment
Duringanet-basedcollaborativedesignprocess,designerstransformtheirworkingenvironmentfromasinglePCdesktoptoLAN,andevenextendtoWAN。
Eachdesignpartnercanbeasingleexpertoracombinationofmanyteamsofseveralsubjects,eveniftheyarefarawayfromeachothergeographically.Inthenet—basedcollaborativedesignenvironment,peoplefromeveryterminalofthenetcanexchangetheirinformationinteractivelywitheachotherandsenddatatoauthorizedrolesviatheirdesigntools。
TheCoDesignSpaceissuchanenvironmentwhichprovidesasetofthesetoolstohelpdesignpartnerscommunicateandobtaindesigninformation.CodesignSpaceaimsatimprovingtheefficiencyofcollaborativework,makingenterprisesincreaseitssensitivitytomarketsandoptimizetheconfigurationofresource。
2.2ManagementofResourcesandActivitiesinNet-BasedCollaborativeEnvironment
Theexpansionofdesignenvironmentalsocausedanewproblemofhowtoorganizetheresourcesanddesignactivitiesinthatenvironment.Asthenumberofdesignpartnersincreases,resourcesalsoincreaseindirectproportion.Butrelationsbetweenresourcesincreaseinsquareratio.Toorganizetheseresourcesandtheirrelationsneedsanintegratedmanagementsystemwhichcanrecognizethemandprovidetodesignersincaseoftheyareneeded。
Onesolutionistousespecialinformationmanagementsystem(IMS)。
AnIMScanprovidedatabase,filesystemsandin/outinterfacestomanageagivenresource。
ForexamplethereareseveralIMStoolsinCoDesignSpacesuchasProductDataManagementSystem,DocumentManagementSystemandsoon.Thesesystemscanprovideitsspecialinformationwhichdesignuserswant。
ButthestructureofdesignactivitiesismuchmorecomplicatedthantheseIMScouldmanage,becauseevenasimpledesignprojectmayinvolvedifferentdesignresourcessuchasdocuments,draftsandequipments。
Notonlyproductdataordocuments,designactivitiesalsoneedthesupportoforganizationsindesignprocesses。
Thisarticleputsforwardanewdesignsystemwhichattemptstointegratedifferentresourcesintotherelateddesignactivities.Thatistaskmanagementsystem(TMS).
3TaskBreakdownModel
3。
1BasisofTaskBreakdown
Whenpeoplesetouttoaccomplishaproject,theyusuallyseparateitintoasequenceoftasksandfinishthemonebyone。
Eachdesignprojectcanberegardedasanaggregateofactivities,rolesanddata。
Herewedefineataskasasetofactivitiesandresourcesandalsohavingatleastoneobjective。
Becauselargetaskscanbeseparatedintosmallones,ifweseparateaprojecttargetintoseverallower—levelobjectives,wedefinethattheprojectisbrokendownintosubtasksandeachobjectivemapstoasubtask.Obviouslyifeachsubtaskisaccomplished,theprojectissurelyfinished.SoTMSintegratesdesignactivitiesandresourcesthroughplanningthesetasks.
Net—basedcollaborativedesignmostlyaimsatproductsdevelopment.Projectmanagers(PM)assignsubtaskstodesignersordesignteamswhomaylocateinothercities.ThedesignersandteamsexecutetheirowntasksundertheconstraintswhicharedefinedbythePMandnegotiatedwitheachotherviathecollaborativedesignenvironment.Sothedesignersandteamsareindependentcollaborativepartnersandhaveincompactcouplingrelationships。
Theyaredriventogetheronlybytheftdesigntasks.AfterthePMhavefinisheddecomposingtheproject,eachdesignerorteamleaderwhohasbeenassignedwithasubtaskbecomea1ow—classPMofhisowntask.AndhecandothesamethingashisPMdonetohim,re-breakingdownandre—assigningtasks.
SoweputforwardtworulesforTaskBreakdowninanet-basedenvironment,incompactcouplingandobject—driven.Incompactcouplingmeansthelessrelationshipbetweentwotasks.Whentwosubtaskswerecoupledtootightly,therequirementforcommunicationbetweentheirdesignerswillincreasealot.Toomuchcommunicationwil1notonlywastetimeandreduceefficiency,butalsobringerrors。
Itwillbecomemuchmoredifficulttomanageprojectprocessthanusuallyinthissituation.Ontheotherhandeverytaskhasitsownobjective.FromtheviewpointofPMofasuperiortaskeachsubtaskcouldbeablackboxandhowtoexecutethesesubtasksisunknown.ThePMconcernsonlytheresultsandconstraintsofthesesubtasks,andmayneverconcernwhatwillhappeninsideit.
3.2TaskBreakdownMethod
Accordingtotheabovebasis,aprojectcanbeseparatedintoseveralsubtasks。
Andwhenthisseparatingcontinues,itwillfinallybedecomposedintoatasktree.Excepttherootofthetreeisaproject,alleavesandbranchesaresubtasks.Sinceadesignprojectcanbeseparatedintoatasktree,allitsresourcescanbeaddedtoitdependingontheirrelationship.Forexample,aSmall—Sized—Satellite.
Design(3SD)projectcanbebrokendownintotwodesignobjectivesasSatelliteHardware。
Design(SHD)andSatellite—Software—Exploit(SSE).Anditalsohastwoteams.DesignteamAanddesignteamBwhichweregardasdesignresources。
WhenAisassignedtoSSEandBtoSHD.WebreakdowntheprojectasshowninFig1。
Itisaliketomanageotherresourcesinaprojectinthisway。
Sowhenwedefineacollaborativedesignproject’staskmodel,weshouldfirstclaimtheproject’stargets。
Thesetargetsincludefunctionalgoals,performancegoals,andqualitygoalsandsoon.Thenwecouldconfirmhowtoexecutethisproject.Nextwecangoontobreakdownit。
Theprojectcanbeseparatedintotwoormoresubtaskssincethereareat1easttwopartnersinacollaborativeproject.Eitherwecouldseparatetheprojectintostepwisetasks,whichhavetimesequencerelationshipsincaseofsomemorecomplexprojectsandthenbreakdownthestepwisetasksaccordingtotheirphase-to—phasegoals。
Thereisalsoanothertroubleinexecutingataskbreakdown。
Whenataskisbrokenintosevera1subtasks;itisnotmerely“asimplesummotion”ofothertasks。
Inmostcasestheirsubtaskscouldhavemorecomplexrelations.
Tosolvethisproblemweuseconstraints.Therearetimesequenceconstraint(TSC)andlogicconstraint(LC)。
Thetimesequenceconstraintdefinesthetimerelationshipsamongsubtasks。
TheTSChasfourdifferenttypes,FF,FS,SFandSS.FmeansfinishandSpresentsstart.IfwesayTabbisFSandlagfourdays,itmeansTbshouldstartnolaterthanfourdaysafterTaisfinished。
Thelogicconstraintismuchmorecomplicated。
Itdefineslogicrelationshipamongmultipletasks.
Hereisgivenanexample:
“TaskTAisseparatedintothreesubtasks,Ta,TbandTc.Buttherearetwomorerules。
TbandTccannotbeexecuteduntilTaisfinished。
TbandTccannotbeexecutedboth,thatmeansifTbwasexecuted,Tcshouldnotbeexecuted,andviceversa.ThisdependsontheresultofTa。
”
SowesayTbandTchavealogicconstraint.Afterfinishingbreakingdownthetasks,wecangetatasktreeasFig,2illustrates.
4TMSRealization
4。
1TMSStructure
Accordingtoourdiscussionabouttasktreemodelandtaskbreakdownbasis,wecandevelopaTaskManagementSystem(TMS)basedonCoDesignSpaceusingJavalanguage,JSPtechnologyandMicrosoftSQL2000.Thetaskmanagementsystem’sstructureisshowninFig.3。
TMShasfourmainmodulesnamelyTaskBreakdown,RoleManagement,StatisticsandQueryandDataIntegration。
TheTaskBreakdownmodulehelpsuserstoworkouttas
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