新东方四级语法总结.docx
- 文档编号:8526287
- 上传时间:2023-01-31
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:11
- 大小:27.46KB
新东方四级语法总结.docx
《新东方四级语法总结.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新东方四级语法总结.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
新东方四级语法总结
一:
时态:
所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:
1.主动形式
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
did
do
will/shalldo
should/woulddo
进行
was/weredoing
am/is/aredoing
will/shallbedoing
/
完成
haddone
have/hasdone
will/shallhavedone
should/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气
完成进行
hadbeendoing
have/hasbeendoing
/
/
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/weregiven
am/is/aregiven
will/shallbegiven
should/wouldbegiven
进行
was/werebeinggiven
am/is/arebeinggiven
/
/
完成
hadbeengiven
have/hasbeengiven
will/shallhavebeengiven
should/wouldhavebeengiven
完成进行
/
/
/
CET-4常考的三种时态:
过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态:
一般过去时所有的过去
用一般现在时表示现在和将来
现在完成时现在完成和将来完成
1.非谓语动词
一.不定式:
一)不定式的常考形式:
一般形式:
Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.
被动形式:
Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.
语法功能:
表示与谓语动词同步发生l
成形式:
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
被动形式:
Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.
语法功能:
表示发生在谓语动词之前
二)不定式常考的考点:
1)不定式做定语----将要发生
2)不定式做状语----目的
3)不定式充当名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel
+do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;
+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性
Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:
Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.
2)使役动词havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to
I‘dliketohaveJohndoit.
Ihavemypackageweighed.
Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.
3)helphelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpdohelptodo
四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:
want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expectallowsbtodo,causesbtodo,permitsbtodo,enablesbtodo
forcesbtodo.bemorelikelytodolovetodowarnsbtodobeabletodo
beambitioustodo.begintodo.starttodo
五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom(oneself)to;beaccustomedto;faceupto;inadditionto;lookforwardto;objectto;bereducedto;resignoneselfto;beresignedto;resortto;sinkto;beusedto;bealternativeto;beclose/closenessto;bededication/dedicatedto;beopposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto.
三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
其中,want不太常用。
Heneeds(alotof)encouraging.
1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.
I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
3)将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.
4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
将来某时会业已发生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等
Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.
Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?
Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)
双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
双宾语结构的被动语态:
双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
宾补结构的被动语态:
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.
Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.
Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.
短语动词
Vi+adv
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
Vi+prep
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
Vi+prep(有被动语态)
She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.
Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.
Vi+adv+prep
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
Vt+O+adv
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
Theytookhimon.
Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
Vt+O+prep
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.
Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.
Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.
Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.
Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.
Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.
Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.
Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.
Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
错误的省略
HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
一致
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
代词作主语时的一致
each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
Haseitherofthemtoldyou?
some,few,both,many等作复数
some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus
Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.
None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.
Noneofthisworriesme.
all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.
NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind
如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.
Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.
people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.
Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.
Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.
Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.
Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.
Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.
Theaudiencewasenormous.
Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.
有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:
Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.
Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.
Thisspeciesisnowextinct.
Thesespeciesarenowextinct.
表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):
Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.
Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.
其他问题
书名,国家名用单数:
TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.
学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.
manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:
Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.
Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.
anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数:
Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.
oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形式:
Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式:
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
不定式
形式
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
todo
tobedone
完成式
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
进行式
tobedoing
完成进行式
tohavebeendoing
完成式:
不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.
Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).
(比较:
Iamgladtoseeyou.)
Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
进行式:
如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.
Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.
Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.
Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.
完成进行式:
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.
Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.
Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.
被动式:
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.
Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.
Shehatedtobeflattered.
Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.
Thisisboundtobefoundout.
Therearealotofthingstobedone
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 新东方 语法 总结
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)