文体学总.docx
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文体学总.docx
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文体学总
TheFirstSteptoStylistics
I.Keywords:
Style(文体);stylistics(文体学)
VarietyofEnglish(语体)
Langue(语言)
Parole(言语)
Text(篇章)
Discourse(/语篇/话语)
Context(语境);register(语域)
Occasion(场合)
Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)
II.Whatisstyle?
♦styleasrhetoric—Gorgias(风格即修辞);
♦styleasform—Aristotle(风格即形式);
♦styleaseloquence—Cicero(风格即雄辩术);
♦properwordsinproperplaces—Swift(在恰当的地方使用恰当的词);
II.Whatisstyle?
◆Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon(文如其人) ;
◆Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal(赋予既定思想并适合产生出它应有效果的全部形式) ;
◆styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry(个人表达上的特点) ;
II.Whatisstyle?
◆styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解说技巧) ;
◆styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry(文学的最高成就) ;
◆sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist(以最有效的方式讲恰当的事情) ;
II.Whatisstyle?
♦styleasdeviation—Spitzer(对于常规的变异);
♦styleastransformation—Ohmann(语言结构的转换);
♦styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(风格即意义潜势);
♦styleasexpressiveness—Ullman(认知意义的表达)。
♦Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson(语言就是思想的外衣)
II.Whatisstyle?
◆styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist(环绕已存在的思想感情或感情内核的外壳) ;
◆styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist(在不同表达方式中的选择) ;
◆styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特点的综合) ;
II.Whatisstyle?
♦styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestatableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentence—Enkvist(超出句子以外的语言单位之间的关系) ;
♦styleasequivalence—JakobsonandLeviStrauss(结构的对等);
♦styleasfunction—ThePragueSchoolapproach(风格即功能);
♦styleasforegrounding—Mukarovsky(风格即突出);
II.Whatisstyle?
*Aninstrumentmadeofmetal,bone,etc.,havingoneendsharp-pointedforincisinglettersonawaxtablet,andtheotherflatandbroadforsmoothingthetabletanderasingwhatiswritten:
=stylus(TheoxfordEnglishDictionary,NewEdition,1991)
**A)Ageneralmannerofdoingsomethingwhichistypicalorrepresentativeofapersonorgroup,atimeinhistory,etc.B)Theparticularchoiceofwordsormannerofexpressionusedbyortypicalofawriterorspeaker(LONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISH,1998)
III.Whatisstylistics?
(1)Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndedn1988)
III.WhatisStylistics?
(2)Thestudyofstyle;…justasstylecanbe
viewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered….Thegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheirfunctionalsignificancefortheinterpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliteraryeffectstolinguistic‘causes’wherethesearefelttoberelevant….Stylisticianswanttoavoidvagueandimpressionisticjudgmentsaboutthewaythatformalfeaturesaremanipulated.Asaresult,stylisticsdrawsonthemodelsandterminologyprovidedbywhateveraspectsoflinguisticsarefelttoberelevant.
♦(Wales,1989:
ADictionaryofStylistics)
III.Whatisstylistics?
(3)Abranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.Itstudiestheuseoflanguageinspecificcontextsandattemptstoaccountforthecharacteristicsthatmarkthelanguageuseofindividualsandsocialgroups.
Commoncoresof“stylistics”
♦Stylisticsisconcernedwiththeideaof‘style’,withtheanalysisofliterarytexts,andtheuseoflinguistics.‘Style’isusuallyunderstoodwithinthisareaofstudyastheselectionofcertainlinguisticformsorfeaturesoverotherpossibleones.
♦Somekeyaspectsofstylisticsare
*theuseoflinguistics(thestudyoflanguage)toapproachliterarytexts
**thediscussionoftextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthanaccordingpurelytosubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues
***emphasisontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage(forexample,thewayrhymecangivepleasure)
III.TheNeedsforStylistics:
(i)Styleisanintegralpartofmeaning.
(ii)Stylisticsmayhelpustoacquirea“senseofstyle”
(iii)Stylisticspreparesthewaytotheintrinsicstudyofliterature.
Langue(语言)(LongmanDictionaryP382)
♦TheFrenchwordfor“language”.ThetermwasusedbythelinguistSaussuretomeanthesystemofalanguage,thatisthearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguagehaveasharedknowledgeofor,asSaussuresaid,“agreetouse”.Langueisthe“ideal”formofalanguage.Saussurecalledtheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting“parole”.
LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)
♦AtermintroducedindeSaussure’sCoursdelinguistiqueg¨¦n¨¦raletodistinguishbetweenlanguage(Fr.Langue)asanabstractsystemofsignsandrules,andthespokenword(Fr.Parole)astheconcreterealizationoflanguageasitisused.Langueischaracterizedasastaticsystemofsymbolswithbroad(social)value,duetotheinvariantandfunctionalnatureofitselements.
LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)
♦Instancesofparolearebasedonthissystemoflangueandvaryaccordingtoregister,age,dialect,amongotherfactors.
♦Thegoalofstructualistlinguisticsistoresearchthesystematicregularitiesoflangue(referredtocorpusinP106)usingdatafromparole,whileparoleitselfcanberesearchedinvariousdisciplines,likephonetics,psychology,andphysiology.
LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)
♦Thetypeofdifferencedescibedbetweenlangueandparolehasbeentekenmanyforms:
amongthem,ergonvsenergeia(W.vonHumboldt),SprachevsRede(H.Paul),Sprach-systemvsaktualisierteRede(G.v.d.Gabelentz),SprachgebildevsSprechakt(K.B¨¹hler),registervsuse,typevstoken(referredtotype-token-relationship).(M.A.K.Halliday)
Text(篇章)(quotedfromQianYuanP11)
♦ATEXTisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Itmaybetheproductofasinglespeaker/writer(e.g.asign,aletter,anewsreport,astatute法令anovel),orthatofseveralspeakers(e.g.apieceofconversation,adebate).Atextmaytakeinformsofadialogue,oramonologue;italsocanbeacasualtalk.
Text(篇章)(LongmanDictioanryP705-706)
♦Itisnormallymadeupofoneorseveralsentencesthattogethercreateastructureorunit,suchasaletter,areport,oranessay.
♦Ithasdistinctivestructuralanddiscoursecharacteristics
♦Ithasaparticularcommunicativefunctionorpurpose
♦Itcanoftenonlybefullyunderstoodinrelationtothecontextinwhichitoccurs
Context(语境)(RoutledgeDictionaryP100-101)
♦Asacomprehensiveconceptincommunicationtheory,“context”referstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation:
theverbalandnon-verbalcontext,thecontextofthegivenspeechsituationandthesocialcontextoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandhearer,theirknowledge,andtheirattitudes.Catforddistinguishesbetweenlinguisticcontextandsituationalco-text.
Context(LongmanDictionaryP149)
♦Thatwhichoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerUTTERANCEoraTEXT.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Forexample,thewordloudinloudmusicisusuallyunderstoodasmeaning“noisy”whereasinatiewithaloudpatternitisunderstoodas“unpleasantlycolorful”.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.Forexample,inordinaryusage,spinsterreferstoanolderunmarriedwomanbutinalegalcontextitreferstoanyunmarriedwoman
Contextualfactors
♦CharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage:
a.Ageb.Sexc.Socio-regionalorethnicbackgroundd.Education
ØCharacteristicsoftheuser’sUSEoflanguageinsituation
a.Mediumofcommunication:
speechorwriting
b.Setting:
privateorpublic
(tobecontinued)
Contextualfactors
c.Role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee:
thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistance
d.Purposeforwhichlanguageisused:
e.g.toinform;tocommand;toexpressfeelings;toestablishsocialrelations,etc.
e.Subjectmatter(oflimitedstylisticsignificance)
Appropriateness
♦Whenproducinganutterance,aspeakerneedstoknowthatitisgrammatical,andalsothatitissuitable(appropriate)forparticularsituation.(LongmanDictionaryP38)
语境与言语交际的得体性
♦美国语言学家J.A.Fishman:
WhoSpeaksWhatLanguagetoWhomandWhen(谁何时对谁说什么话)
♦美国社会语言学家DellHymes:
语境要素SPEAKING
♦S—SettingandScene(背景和场景)
♦P—Participants(参与者)
♦E—Ends(目的和结果)
♦A—ActSequence(信息的形式与内容)
♦K—Key(信息传递方式)
♦I—Instrumentalities(使用何种语言或方言)
♦N—Norms(在特定情况下应该遵循的常规和规范)
♦G--Genres(体裁)
1.2语境与言语交际的得体性
♦
(一)狭义:
语境可指语篇内部的上下文(co-text;linguisticcontext)e.g
♦hottemper,hotnews
♦Butsheturneditdown(Samcommittedtheftandwascaughtred-handedbyMary.SamofferedMary$2,000tohushthematterup.Butsheturneditdown
♦ThesoundfromtheradiowassolowthatIaskedBobtoenhanceit,butheturneditdown
1.2语境与言语交际的得体性
♦
(二)语境可以指言语事件发生时的社会情境特征(socio-situationalfeatures)。
♦社会情境特征有两种:
一种与语言使用者(theuseroflanguage)有关,如社会地位社会角色文化修养职业所处的时代与地域处境与心情及其语言的可理解程度和范围(rangeofintelligibility);一种与语言使用
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