从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译.docx

从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译.docx

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从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译

从框架理论的角度分析英汉互译

摘要：

框架理论是认知语言学中的一个重要组成部分，它从认知的角度合理地解释了翻译现象。

翻译实践不仅涉及到不同的语言，而且还涉及到不同的文化。

由于不同语言存在框架系统和次框架的差异以及文化框架的差异,因此翻译的任务实际上就是需要找到能够激活与原语相同或相似的认知框架的语言表达式。

本文从框架理论的定义及特点入手，结合实例探讨框架理论在英汉互译中的应用，分析其在英汉互译应用过程中的优缺点，从而使框架理论在未来被应用到更广阔的领域中，更准确地指导人们的实践与认知。

关键词：

框架理论;英汉互译;文化框架;应用

AnAnalysisontheSexismofEnglishProverbs

Abstract:

Language,asamirroroftherealworld,cangiveusavividreflectionofsocialcustomsandvalues.Proverb,theessenceoflanguage,isactuallyapureconcentrationoftheentirecontentofculture.Withalonghistoryandtheirancientorigins,Englishproverbsstemfromtheaccumulationofexperience,whichhavebeenpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Thus,itismorerepresentativeandpersuasivetomakearesearchonsexismfromproverbs.ThethesisaimsatspecializinginsexismreflectedintheEnglishproverbs,probingintothephenomenonthroughaninductivestudyoftheproverbsappliedinEnglishfromtwomajoraspectsandsevenpointsintotal.Besides,thethesishasalsoinvestigatedintothecausesofsexismfromthreeaspects:

historicalinfluence,physicalinfluenceandpsychologicalinfluence,revealingthesexbiasagainstwomeninvocabularysoastoenhancepeople’sawarenessaboutsexismandprovidereferencevalueinthisfieldofstudy.

KeyWords:

English;genderlanguage;proverb;sexism

IIntroduction

Therearegreatdifferencesamonghumanlanguages,amongwhichthedifferencesingendermayhavetheoldestorigin.Concentratedbyhumanistsandlinguists,“suchlanguagedifferenceanddiscriminationingenderissexism”（Bolinger,1989:

21）.Sexismisanewly-madeword,butithasalreadydeeplyrootedonproverbs.

However,itwasnotuntilthe20thcentury,didscholarsbegintoplacetheireyesontheproblemsbetweenlanguageandgender.ThefirstgenerationtodoresearchongenderlanguagefromthepointoflinguisticsarerepresentedbyO.JespersonandE.Mauthner,buttheirstudywasonlydrawnfrompersonalviewsoroccasionalcommunication,untilthemiddleofthiscentury,thestudystartedtotakeitsfullwings.Afterthe1970s,somefamouslinguistics,suchasLakoff,madeaprobeonthesocialcausesofgenderlanguage.Fromtheendof1980sto1990s,linguistsfocusedonthefurtherinvestigationandstudyofthedifferentformsofmanandwoman.Thesimilarresearchinourcountrybegantotakeshapefromtheendof1970s,andmostofthearticlesatthattimewerejusttheintroductionofgenderfromtheperspectiveofEnglishcultureorigin.Thecontrastiveanalysisandresearchoriginatedfromthe1980s,theexpertsinthisfieldwerenotmany,suchasSun’sGenderandLanguage（1997）whichmadeanelaboratestudyonthebasisofpsycholinguistics.Nowadays,moreandmorelinguistsputforwardmanysystematicandcomprehensivebooksandauthoritativearticles,suchasZhao’sLanguageandGender（2003）.

Proverb,anindispensiblepartinthethesis,isactuallyapureconcentrationoftheentirecontentofculture,and“thewisdomofnationsliesintheirproverbs.”（ThomasPaine,1935:

201）Withalonghistoryandtheirancientorigin,Englishproverbsstemfromtheaccumulationofexperienceofdailylifeandthewisdomofthecommonpeople,whichhasbeenhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Thusaproverbisamorerepresentativeandpersuasiveperspectivetomakearesearchonsexism.Bymeansofaninductivestudy,thethesishasprobedintothesexismphenomenonoftheproverbsappliedinEnglishfromthreemajoraspectsandsevenpointsintotal.Furthermore,thethesishasalsoinvestigatedintothecausesofsexismfromthreeaspects:

historicalinfluence,physicalinfluenceandpsychologicalinfluence,aimingatmakingacleardemonstrationofsexisminlanguagelevelandhopingtohelppeoplereducethedailybiasagainstwomen.

IIProverbsandSexism

Inthispart,someknowledgeofproverbandsexismwillbeexposed,amongwhichtheoriginanddevelopmentofproverbwillgiveusalittleillustrationabouttheexistenceofsexisminEnglish.

2.1Proverbs

Proverb,asthespecialformoflanguage,isoneofthetypesofidioms1,whichexistsinalllanguages.Althoughweareveryfamiliarwithproverbs,itishardtomakeacorrectdefinitionfortheterm“proverb”.Andmanyauthoritativedictionariesprovidevariousdefinitions.AccordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish一ChineseDictionary,aproverbis“ashortwell-knownsayingthatstatesageneraltruthorgivesadvice”（2004:

1384）.Anditisbelievedthataproverbtypicallyexpressesacommonthoughtinasuccinct,oftenmetaphoricalway.Succinctandpithysayingisingeneraluseandexpressescommonideasandbeliefs.

Proverbisapartofeveryspokenlanguageandfolkliterature,originatinginoraltradition.Oftenaproverbisfoundwithvariationsinmanydifferentpartsoftheworld.LiteratesocietiesdatingbacktotheancientEgyptianshavecollectedproverbs.Itisbelievedthattheword“proverb”firsttookitsshapefromtheGreekword“paroimia”,whichhasthemeaningoffiguration,referringtosuchkindsofwordsdifficulttobeunderstood,orwordstobeunderstoodaftersecondthought.AmajorityofproverbsarefromthemythofGreeceandRome,allegory,dramaandmanyfamousworks,whicharedifferentfromthoseforgedfromthedailylife.InEnglish,thewordproverbatfirstcoversfarmorecontentsthannow,whichconcludesidiom,metaphoraswellasmanyregularpetwords.Itissaidthat47%orsotookitsshapeinthe17thcentury.Inthe18thcentury,around16%appeared,while12%inthe19thcentury.Soitisquiteclearthatmostproverbscameintoexistencebeforethe17thcentury.InNorthAmerica,thebest-knowncollectionisprobablyPoorRichard'sAlmanac2.Proverbsarecreatedbycommonpeople,transmittedthroughdailycommunication,whicharethesummaryofgeneralregulatoryexperienceandthefruitsofthewisdomofthecommon.Accordingtotheircontents,theycanbedividedintofourmajorparts:

meteorologicalproverbs,archaeologicalproverbs,livingproverbsandsocialproverbs.Thefirstoneisfromthecourseofknowingthenatureandconcludingtheexperienceofdailylife,thesecondoneisbasedontheproducingexperienceoffarmingbypeasants,whilethethirdonetakesitsoriginfromthesummaryofhealthprotectionandhygiene,thelastkindisfromtheattentioninsocializing,dealingwiththingsbothhomeandbroad.

Asisshownabove,aproverbisakindofsayingwhichexpressesatruthbasedoncommonsenseortheagelesshumanexperienceofthepeopleinsimpleandconcrete,thoughoftenmetaphoricallanguage.Beinganessentialpartoflanguage,itplaysanimportantroleinlanguage,whichisconsideredaslivingfossilsbylinguistsbecausetheycontainalargequantityofagelesshumanexperience.Withoutproverbs,alanguagewouldbecomecolorlessandboringforlackingofvitalityandvividness.Therefore,itisnecessarytoundertakesomeresearchworkonproverbs.

2.2Sexism

Sexism,awordofprejudiceordiscriminationbasedonsex,especiallydiscriminationagainstwomenorbehavior,conditions,orattitudesthatfosterstereotypesofsocialrolesbasedonsex,firstcameknownin1968.SexismisananalogytermofracismmadebyAmericanfeminists,whichisdistinguisheditselfonthebasisofbiologicalsex.Sexism,moreoftenthannot,hastwodefinitions,onebeingthediscriminationofmentowardswomen,andviceversa.AccordingtoLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,sexismisdefinedas“thebeliefthatwomenareweaker,lessintelligent,andlessimportantthanmen”（2007:

1807）.So,itisnecessarytopointoutthatsexismwementionhereisthediscriminationofmentowardswomen.Thesexismreflectedinlanguagehasformedthesexismoflanguage.Itismadeupaftertherevelationoftheasymmetryinlanguage,whichhasabasisontheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Andthehypothesispointsoutthatlanguagehascloserelationwithculture,forlanguageitselfisapartofculturewhosereflectionisinfactakindofculturalphenomena.Sapir-Whorfhypothesisputsmuchattentionontherelationbetweenlanguageandculture,whichgivesatheorybasistosexism.Forthisreason,thishypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoasLinguisticDeterminismandLinguisticRelativity3-aviewwhichwasfirstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist.Linguisticsmaintainthelanguageunderthechainsofreligiouslawsandthesocialstatuescanreflectthenaturalcontentofsociety’sschemata—mentakethemajorrolesintheworldwhiletheimagesofwomenarebroken.

Inordertoacknowledgethetermsexismbetter,firstofall,wemustmakeadistinctionbetweensexandgender.Fromtheverybeginning,“gender”wasjustagrammaticallexiconwhichreferredtothefeminineormasculineofaword.Lateron,Westernfeministsadoptedandmadeitthekeyconceptoffeminism.OriginatedfromWesternfeminismmovements,feminismisthebeliefthatwomenshouldhaveequalrightstomenineveryaspect.Itinvolvesvariousmovements,theoriesandphilosophies,whichareallconcernedwiththeissuesofgenderdifferences.Feminismadvocatesequalityforwomenandalsocampaignsforwomen’srightsandinterests.Withtheextensivespreadingoffeminismsmovements,theconceptofgenderdevelopsandthenformsintoasystematicaltheory.Beforegendertheoryisdiscussed,abriefreviewofthosefeminismschoolsisnecessaryastheyhavecontributedalottoit.SimonedeBeauvoir,theauthorofTheSecondSex,oncesaid“sexisbiological,whilegenderissocialandcultural”（1973:

125）.Inherbook,shearguedthatwomenthroughouthistoryhavebeendefinedasthe“other”sex,adeviationfromthe"normal"male.WhiletheBritishsociologistAnthony