Lecture Eight新闻报导.docx
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Lecture Eight新闻报导.docx
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LectureEight新闻报导
•LectureEight
•NewsReport
•Newsreportreferstoageneralvarietyoflanguagewhichfunctionstoinformpeoplewhatishappeningintheregion,countryandtheworldbymassmedia.
•AnAnalysisonField,TenorandMode
•Field:
varied—politics,militaryaffairs,economy,culture,medicine,scienceentertainment…
•Mode:
oralorwritten
•PersonalTenor:
jounalistvsmasses,distant
•functionaltenor:
•Thegeneralfunctionofallnewspapersistosendnewstothemassesaccuratelyandquickly.
•Differentnewspapersdiffergreatly:
•--formalandofficial:
targettedatwell-educatedreadership.Thefocusisonaccuracyandobjectivity.
•--light,humorousandentertaining:
toappealtocommonreaderswithinterestingevents,anecdotes,stangeevents,etc.
•8.1GeneralFeatures
•Whetherinoralorwrittenform,duetolimitedtimeandspace,newsreporthastouseaslittletimeorspaceaspossibletoconveyasmuchinformationaspossible,forthatpurpose,ithasto
•---compresstheinformationandselectthemostimportantpartand
•---arrangetheselectedinformationfromgeneraltoparticular,first,thesummaryoftheevent,andthenthemoredetailedaccountofthestory
•---beclearandinterestinginordertoattracttheaudience.
•8.2SemanticFeatures
•Comparedwithothervarietiesoflanguage,newsreporthasdistinctsemanticfeaturesasfollows:
•1.Widerangeofcoverage
•Newsreportcancoveranyeventinanyfield,whetherspecializedornon-specialized.Thereisvirtuallynothingthatcannotbeanewsfocus.
•2.Stressonobjectivity
•“Totellthetruth”istheprincipleandgoalofnewsreport.
•Therefore,onthesurface,newsreportappearstobepartialorneutralintoneandstressfacts.
•However,newsreportcanstillconveytheattitude,theviewpointandevenprejudiceofnewsreporteroreditorthroughthearbitrarychoiceofmaterial,aswellascarefulchoiceofwords.
•3.Meaningcontractionanddeductivemethod
•Theneedtoconveythemostmeaningwithintheleastspaceandtimemakesmeaningcontractionnecessaryandimportantdeviceinnewsreport.
•Itemploysdeductivemethod,i.e.firstprovidingthegeneralknowledgeandthentheparticularanddetailedinformation.
•4.ClarityandSimplewayoftransition
•Onthewhole,thetransitioninnewspaperisclearandsimpleforsmoothreadingandunderstandingofreaders.
•Thisisachieved
•---bydirectlyexpressingthemeaningand
•---throughtheobviousrelatedenessbetweenparagraphswithinastory,or
•---withtheuseofconnectivessuchasalso,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,etc.
•---byreferencetoprevioussubjectmatter,asisshownin[7.1]onP111
•APhilippineAirlinesplane…
•TheAirbusA320…
•Theplane……andseveralpeopleweretakentoahospital…
•Somehaveonlyanxietyreaction…
•8.3DistincitiveTextStructures
•8.3.1.Three-partstructureandsequenceoflogicalorder
•Theprominentcharacteristicofnewsreportintermsoftextstructureisitsthree-partstructure:
•---headline;
•---introduction/guide/lead
•---thebody.
•Seeexample[7.1]onP111
•Intermsofsequence,newsreportalwaystellsthemostimportantthingsfirst.
•Theeventsareseldomlyarrangedintimeorder.Instead,theyareintheorderoftheir“newsworthiness”,withthemostnoteworthyflashedbeforethereaderintheheadlineandtheguide/lead,ascontrastedwiththebodyofthestory.
•Therefore,therelationshipamongthethreeisfromgeneraltoparticular.Theheadlineismoregeneralthantheguide/lead,whichismoregeneralthanthemainbody.
•Inotherwords,theguide/leadcanbeseenasfurtherexplanationoftheheadline,andatthesametimeasasummaryofthemainbody.Theevenmoredetailedinformationisprovidedbythemainbody.
•Thiswayofwritingiscalled‘HighlightingMethod’,andtheorderinwhichnewsworthyfactsareorgabnizediscalled‘logicalorder’.Theorderofimportanceismeasuredbyreaderappeal.
•Thisistheessentialdifferencebetweenjournalisticwritingandordinarynarrativeprose.(Thenarrativeprosewriterusurallyfollowstimeorderandgraduallybuildsaclimax.)
•1.Headline
•Anynewsmustcontainaheadline.Sometimes,asubtitleisaddedtotheheadlineasanoptionalelement.
•Seeexamples[7.2]--[7.4]onP112
•Thebasicstructureoftheheadlineisasentence,simpleorcomplex([7.6]onP112).Itisveryimportanttomakeheadlinenovel,simple,uniqueandimmediatesoastoarousereaders’interestinreadingon.forthatpurpose,headlinesaremostnotedfor:
•1)frequentoccurrenceofminorsentences,including
•---ellipiticalsentencessoastoshortenthelengthandtobemoreconciseandcomprehensive.Theommittedpart(s)include:
•---subject-predicate:
asin[7.7]onP112
•---predicate:
asin[7.8]onP113
•---articles,linkverborauxiliaryverb:
asin[7.9],[7.10]onP113
•Moreexamples:
•ChinaLaunches(a)SpaceSatellite
•NavyHarrassmentProbe(was)Stymied
•(TheNumberof)Homicide(NowStands)3TimesNationalAverage
•---ing-forms:
•E.g.CuttingThroughtheGobbledygook
•HittingtheBooks,BeatingtheOlds
•---infinitiveforfuturehappenings
•RaintoContinueThroughTomorrow
•ChineseRelicstoBeShowninEurope
•2)usingpresenttensetoconveyasenseoffreshnessandimmediacyofanevent:
•ThirdGraderDiesasCarjumpsBurbatO’Hare
•FatBabiesCryLess,SaysDoctor
•SailorSavesWomeninCrash
•[7.11]onP113
•3)wideuseofrhetoricaldevices:
see[7.12]onP113
•NoFunny,NoMoney(parody)
•StrongMessage,WrongMessenger(antithesis)
•Surviving—andThriving:
Williedancingat1000(rhyme)
•BritonsRejoiceatBirthofRoyalBoy(alliteration)
•ThePoisonofProfessionalPolitics
•ItDoesn’tRock,RattleorRoll
•Reagan’s‘GangofFour’MovesinontheFed(alluding)
•Twinkle,Twinkle–ThatistheStar(aboutthetabloidStar’saccusationofBillClinton’sinfidelity)(alluding)
•MenRecommendedMoreClubsforWives(pun)
•2.theGuide/lead
•Theguide/leadreferstotheopeningparagraphofthenews.
•Ideallyeverynewsstoryshouldanswerthequestions:
who?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
andHow?
.Andtheyshouldbeansweredasquicklyaspossible.
•However,theguide/leadtendstofocusononeortwo“Ws”whicharemoreimportantthantheothers.
•Theguidehasthefollowingcharacteristics:
•---Compactsyntacticstructure:
see[7.13],[7.14]onP114
•---nominalization:
aclauseiscontractedintoanounphrasewithalotofmodifications
•E.g.TraderelationsbetweentheEuropeanCommunityandtheClintonAdministration…
•see[7.15],[7.16]onP114
•3.Mainbody
•Generalpattern:
•---fromgeneraltospecificintheorderofdescendingnewsworthiness
•---shortparagraphs:
oneortwosentencesineachparagraph
•Seeexample[7.17]onP114-115
•8.4GrammaticalFeature
•1.meaningcontractionthroughnominalization
•Thisfeatureisespeciallyprominentwithguide,i.e.theclausesarecontractedintoaphrasebyconvertingtheverbintotheheadnounandalltheotherelementsintomodifiers.
•Example[7.20]onP117canberewrittenintothefollowing:
•[7.20a]ThecompanySearwasforcedtoretreattoitscoreretailbusinessbecauseshoppingmallsanddiscountstorescompettedfiercelywithitandbecauseitsownmanagementrespondedtorpidlytothecompetition.However,analystspredictedthatthiswouldnotprosper.
•Duetonominalization,theresultingnominalphrasebecomesmuchcomplexwithlongpre-andpost-modification
•E.g.[7.20]onP117.
•Andconsequently,themeaningishighlycontracted.
•[7.21]canbere-writtenasfollows:
•[7.21a]Thedarknessofthecompany’sofficebuildingthatislocatedattheedgeofthetowncastsshadowoverMr.Colub,thetopleaderofthecompanywhichhasbeensetupfor142years,whowasborninBrookynandwhocouldonlyspeakbluntly(whentalkingaboutthecompany’sfuture.)
•Thepunsusedinthesentencealsohelptomakeitcontractedinmeaningandshouldbegivenattentiontolater.
•2.Objectivity
•Inthemainbodyofthenews,thefollowinggrammaticaldevicesareadoptedtomakenewsreportbelievableandobjective:
•---useofsimpleverbalgroupsandsimpletenseforms:
verbalphrasesaremostlycomposedofoneortwoelements.Andsimplepasttenseandsomepresenttenseformdominateinnewsreport.
•See[7.22],[7.23]
•---Frequentuseofdirectspeech
•Theuseofdirectspeechcanenhancethecredibilityofnewsreport.Thedirectlyquotatedspeechcanberegardedasbasisoffacts.
•See[7.24],[7.25]
•---frequentuseofinvertedsentencestructureasaresultoffrequentdirectorindirectquotation
•Whenthesourceofauthorityisusedattheendofthesentence,invertedsentencestructurewilloftenbeused.Forinstance,
•Thesuspectwasarrestedonthescene,policesaid.Oreven
•Thesuspectwasarrestedonthescene,saidthepolice.
•Othertypicalexamplesare:
•…,explainedtheteacher
•…,laughedtheMayor
•…,shruggedaDefenceDepartmentofficial
•Whenthesentenceisnotinverted,theconjunctionisstilldeleted,asin
•Policesaidthesuspectwasarrestedonthescene.
•3.ConcretenessandDetailedness
•Journalistsoftenprovidesreaderswithbackgroundinformationanddetailsbyusingparenthesis.
•[7.26]onP118
•4.Vividness
•---Directspeechandpresenttense:
[7.27]
•---alternativeuseoflong,short,ellipticalorevenincompletestatement-typesentences,especiallyinfeaturearticles,soastogivevarietytotherhythmofthearticle.
•①Andthecostofremovinglastwinter’smountainoussnowshasstr
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