SUMMERASSIGNMENT.docx
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SUMMERASSIGNMENT.docx
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SUMMERASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMENT
Passage1
Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteors(流星)butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefood,whichweeat.Heat,too,makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.
Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage--apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollocrewaccumulatedalargeamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.
1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theatmosphereisessentialtomaninthat______.
A)itprotectshimagainsttheharmfulraysfromspace
B)itprovidessufficientlightforplantgrowth
C)itsuppliestheheatnecessaryforhumansurvival
D)itscreensoffthefallingmeteors
2.Weknowfromthepassagethat________.
A)exposuretoeventinyamountsofradiationisfatal
B)theeffectofexposuretoradiationisslowincoming
C)radiationisavoidableinspaceexploration
D)astronautsinspacesuitsneedn’tworryaboutradiationdamage
3.TheharmradiationhasdonetotheApollocrewmembers_______.
A)isinsignificant
B)seemsoverestimated
C)isenormous
D)remainsunknown
4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.
A)theApollomissionwasverysuccessful
B)protectionfromspaceradiationisnoeasyjob
C)astronautswillhavedeformedchildrenorgrandchildren
D)radiationisnotathreattowell-protectedspaceexplorers
5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.
A)TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironment
B)ResearchonRadiation
C)EffectsofSpaceRadiation
D)ImportantProtectionAgainstRadiation
Passage2
Tasteissuchasubjectivematterthatwedon’tusuallyconductpreferencetestsforfood.Themostyoucansayaboutanyone’spreference,isthatit’soneperson’sopinion.Butbecausethetwobigcolacompanies--Coca-ColaandPepsiColaaremarketedsoaggressively,we’vewonderedhowbigaroletastepreferenceactuallyplaysinbrandloyalty.WesetupatastetestthatchallengedpeoplewhoidentifiedthemselvesaseitherCoca-ColaorPepsifans:
Findyourbrandinablindtasting.
WeinvitedstaffvolunteerswhohadastronglikingforeitherCoca-ColaClassicorPepsi,DietCoke,orDietPepsi.Thesewerepeoplewhothoughtthey’dhavenotroubletellingtheirbrandfromtheotherbrand.
Weeventuallylocated19regularcoladrinkersand27dietcoladrinkers.Thenwefedthemfourunidentifiedsamplesofcolaoneatatime,regularcolasfortheonegroup,dietversionsfortheother.WeaskedthemtotelluswhethereachsamplewasCokeorPepsi;thenweanalyzedtherecordsstatisticallytocomparetheparticipants’choiceswithwhatmereguess-workcouldhaveaccomplished.
Gettingallfoursamplesrightwasatoughtest,butnottootough,wethought,forpeoplewhobelievedtheycouldrecognizetheirbrand.Intheend,only7outof19regularcoladrinkerscorrectlyidentifiedtheirbrandofchoiceinallfourtrials.Thediet-coladrinkersdidalittleworse--only7of27identifiedallfoursamplescorrectly.
Whilebothgroupsdidbetterthanchancewouldpredict,nearlyhalftheparticipantsineachgroupmadethewrongchoicetwoormoretimes.Twopeoplegoallfoursampleswrong.Overall,halftheparticipantsdidaboutaswellonthelastroundoftastingasonthefirst,sofatigue,ortasteburnout,wasnotafactor.OurpreferencetestresultssuggestthatonlyafewPepsiparticipantsandCokefansmayreallybeabletotelltheirfavoritebrandbytasteandprice.
1.Accordingtothepassagethepreferencetestwasconductedinorderto_______.
A)findouttheroletastepreferenceplaysinaperson’sdrinking
B)revealwhichcolaismoretothelikingofthedrinkers
C)showthataperson’sopinionabouttasteismereguess-work
D)comparetheabilityoftheparticipantsinchoosingtheirdrinks
2.Thestatisticsrecordedinthepreferencetestsshow______.
A)Coca-ColaandPepsiarepeople’stwomostfavoritedrinks
B)thereisnotmuchdifferenceintastebetweenCoca-ColaandPepsi
C)fewpeoplehadtroubletellingCoca-ColafromPepsi
D)people’stastesdifferfromoneanother
3.Itisimpliedinthefirstparagraphthat_______.
A)thepurposeoftastetestsistopromotethesaleofcolas
B)theimprovementofqualityisthechiefconcernofthetwocolacompanies
C)thecompetitionbetweenthetwocolasisverystrong
D)blindtastingisnecessaryforidentifyingfans
4.Theword“burnout”(Para.5)herereferstothestateof______.
A)beingseriouslyburntintheskin
B)beingunabletoburnforlackoffuel
C)beingbadlydamagedbyfire
D)beingunabletofunctionbecauseofexcessiveuse
5.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageisto______.
A)showthattastepreferenceishighlysubjective
B)arguethattastetestingisanimportantmarketingstrategy
C)emphasizethattasteandpricearecloselyrelatedtoeachother
D)recommendthatblindtastingbeintroducedinthequalitycontrolofcolas
Passage3
Theconceptof“environment”iscertainlydifficultandmayevenbemisunderstood;butwehavenohandysubstitute.Itseemssimpleenoughtodistinguishbetweentheorganismandthesurroundingenvironmentandtoseparateforcesactingonanorganismintothosethatareinternalandbiologicalandthosethatareexternalandenvironmental.Butinactualpracticethissystembreaksdowninmanyways,becausetheorganismandtheenvironmentareconstantlyinteractingsothattheenvironmentismodifiedbytheorganismandviceversa(反之亦然).
Inthecaseofman,thedifficultieswiththeenvironmentalconceptareevenmorecomplicatedbecausewehavetodealwithmanasananimalandwithmanasabearerofculture.Ifwelookatmanasananimalandtrytoanalyzetheenvironmentalforcesthatareactingontheorganism,wefindthatwehavetodealwiththingslikeclimate,soil,plantsandsuch-likefactorscommontoallbiologicalsituations;butwealsofind,always,veryimportantenvironmentalinfluencesthatwecanonlyclassas“cultural”,whichmodifythephysicalandbiologicalfactors.Butman,asweknowhim,isalwaysabearerofculture;andifwestudyhumanculture,wefindthatit,inturn,ismodifiedbytheenvironmentalfactorsofclimateandgeography.Wethuseasilygetintogreatdifficultiesfromthenecessityofviewingculture,atonemoment,asapartofthemanand,atanothermoment,asapartoftheenvironment.
1.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribethepopularunderstandingof“environment”astheauthorseesit?
A)Elaborate.
B)Prejudiced.
C)Faultless.
D)Oversimplified.
2.Accordingtotheauthortheconceptof“environment”isdifficulttoexplainbecause_______
A)itdoesn’tdistinguishbetweentheorganismandtheenvironment
B)itinvolvesbothinternalandexternalforces
C)theorganismandtheenvironmentinfluenceeachother
D)therelationshipbetweentheorganismandtheenvironmentisunclear
3.Inanalyzingtheenvironmentalforcesactingonmantheauthorsuggeststhat________.
A)biologicalfactorsarelessimportanttotheorganismthanculturalfactorstoman
B)manandotheranimalsaremodifiedequallybytheenvironmentalforces
C)manismodifiedbytheculturalenvironmentaswellasbythenaturalenvironment
D)physicalandbiologicalfactorsexertmoreinfluenceonotherorganismsthanonman
4.Asforculture,theauthorpointsoutthat________.
A)itdevelopssidebysidewithenvironmentalfactors
B)itisalsoaffectedbyenvironmentalfactors
C)itisgenerallyacceptedtobepartoftheenvironment
D)itisaproductofman’sbiologicalinstincts
5.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_______.
A)theinterpretationoftheterm“environment”
B)thediscussiononorganismsandbiologicalenvironment
C)thecomparisonbetweeninternalandexternalfactorsinfluencingman
D)theevaluationofman’sinfluenceonculture
Passage4
Thespeaker,ateacherfromacommunitycollege,addressedasympatheticaudience.Headsnoddedinagreementwhenhesaid,“HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs.”Hedescribedtheinadequaciesofhisstudents,allhighschoolgraduateswhocanuselanguageonlyatagrade9level.Iwasunabletodeterminefromhisanswerstomyquestionshowthisgrade9levelhadbeenestablished.
Mytopicisnotstandardsnoritsdecline.Whatthespeakerwasreallysayingisthatheisnolongeryoung;hehasbeenteachingforsixteenyears,and
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