专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09.docx
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专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09.docx
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专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09
UnitNine (Parents=motherandfather)Parenting(=parentaleducation) Preview Childrendobestwhentheyhavedailyaccesstodifferentandcomplementaryparentingstylesofmothersandfathers.Childrengrowingupinmother-onlyorfather-onlyhomesmaylackconfidence,independence,andsecurity.Suchboysandgirlswillbevulnerabletogenderconfusion,abuseandexploitationfromothers.Theyarelesslikelytohaveahealthyrespectforbothwomenandmenastheygrowintoadulthood. PartITextReadingWarm-up I.Waystobringupachild. Raisingachildisoneofthehardest,mostresponsibleandsatisfyingtasksahumanbeingcanface.Itisalsothejobforwhichpeoplereceivetheleastformaltraining.Stepone Directions:
Everyparentwantshischildrentobewellcultivated,buthowtomakeithappen?
Pleasecooperatewithyourpartnertofindwaysforchildcultivation.Youcancomparewaysthatyourparentseducatedyou.Thefollowingwordsandexpressionsmaybeusefulforyourdiscussion.rolemodel/discipline/spendingtime/communication/compliments/showinglove,respect,kindness,honesty,friendliness,hospitality,generosity/encouraging/behavinginthesameway/self-confidence/self-esteem/makingfriends/makingmistakes/playingwithchildren/balancingnutrition Steptwo Directions:
Ifyouwereaparent,howwouldyouraiseyourkids?
Pleasediscussthistopicwithyourdeskmate.Thefollowingtipsmaybeusefulforthediscussion. ?
Parentsarerolemodels. ?
Disciplineisnecessary. ?
Spendingenoughtimewithyourchildren. ?
Goodcommunicationwillteachchildren. II.Whatarefathersandmothers’waystoparent?
Readthefollowingphrasesandguessparentingwaysoffathersandmothers.PutFinthebracketforfather’swayandMformother’s. ()1.toprovidewarm,nurturingcareforacryinginfant ()2.totickle,towrestle,andtothrowtheirchildrenintheair()3.tochasetheirchildren,asplayful,scary\ 1 ()4.toencouragecompetitionandindependence()5.toencourageequityandsecurity ()6.toencouragetheirkidstoswingorclimbjusthigher()7.toyell\ ()8.tosimplifytheirwordsandspeakonthechild’slevel()9.tobemorebrief,directive,andtothepoint ()10.tobemoredescriptive,personalandverballyencouraging Text WhyChildrenNeedFather-LoveandMother-Love GlennTStanton① [1]IfHeatherisbeingraised(=broughtup)bytwomommies(=mothers)andBrandonisbeingraisedbyDaddy(=Dad,Father)andhisnewhusband-roommate,HeatherandBrandonmighthavetwoadultsintheirlives,buttheyarebeingdeprivedof(=arebeingdeniedof)thebenefits(advantages)foundintheunique(peculiar)influencesinamotherandfather’sdifferingparenting(educational)styles.Muchofthevaluemothersandfathersbringtotheirchildrenisdueto(=becauseof)thefactthatmothersandfathersaredifferent.Andbycooperatingtogetherandcomplementingeachotherintheirdifferences,theyprovide(give)goodthingsthatsame-sexcaregiverscannot. MothersandFathersParent(vt.educate)Differently [2]Thisdifferenceprovidesanimportant(diverse->)diversityofexperiencesforchildren.Dr.Pruettexplainsthatfathershaveadistinct(=unique,different)styleof(communicate->)communicationandinteractionwith(互动)children.Infants(babies),by8weeks,cantell(know)thedifferencebetweenamaleorfemaleinteractingwiththem.StanfordpsychologistEleanorMaccoby,inherbookTheTwoSexes,explainsmothersandfathersrespond(->response)differentlytoinfants.Mothersaremorelikely(=possible)toprovidewarm,nurturing(caringforandprotectsb/sthwhiletheyaregrowinganddeveloping)careforacryinginfant.Thisdiversityinitselfprovideschildrenwithabroader(wider),richer(colorful)experienceofcontrastingrelationalinteractions—moresothanforchildrenwhoareraisedbyonlyonegender(sex).Whethertheyrealizeitornot,childrenarelearningatearliestage,bysheer(=pure,only)experience,thatmenandwomenaredifferentandhavedifferentwaysofdealingwithlife,otheradultsandtheirchildren. MothersandFathersPlayDifferently [3]Fatherstendtoplaywith,andmotherstendtocarefor,children.Whilebothmothersandfathersarephysical,fathersarephysicalindifferentways. [4]Fatherstickle(tomoveyourfingersonasensitivepartofsb’sbodyinawaythatmakesthemlaugh)more,theywrestle(tofightsbbyholdingthemandtryingto 2 throworforcethemtotheground,sometimesasasport),andtheythrowtheirchildrenintheair.Fatherschase(runafter)theirchildren,sometimesasplayful,scary(frightening)\cuddle(hug,embrace拥抱,toholdsb/sthcloseinyourarmstoshowloveoraffection)babies,andfathersbounce(push)them.Fathersroughhouse(tofightsborplaywithsbroughly)whilemothersaregentle(tender温柔的).Onestudyfoundthat70percentoffather-infantgamesweremorephysicalandactionoriented②whileonly4percentofmother-infantplaywaslikethis.Fathersencourage(compete->)competition;mothersencourage(equal->)equity(asituationinwhicheveryoneistreatedequally).Onestyleencourages(independent->)independencewhiletheotherencourages(secure->)security. [5]FatheringexpertJohnSnareyexplainsthatchildrenwhoroughhousewiththeirfatherslearnthat(bite->)biting,kickingandotherformsofphysicalviolencearenotacceptable.Theylearnself-controlbybeingtoldwhen\\down(和解).\Girlsandboysbothlearnahealthybalancebetween(timid->)timidityand(aggress->)aggression.Childrenneedmom’ssoftnessaswellas(and,togetherwith)dad’sroughhousing(violence).Bothprovidesecurityandconfidenceintheirownwaysbycommunicatingloveandphysical(intimate->)intimacy. FathersPush(forcesb.tochallenge)Limits;MothersEncourageSecurity [6]Gotoanyplaygroundandlistentotheparents.Whoisencouragingtheirkidstoswingorclimbjustalittlehigher,ridetheirbikejustalittlefaster,throwjustalittleharder?
Whoisyelling,\down,notsohigh,notsohard!
\Ofcourse,fathersencouragechildrentotakechancesandpushlimitsandmothersprotectandaremore(caution->)cautious.Andthisdifferencecancausedisagreementbetweenmomanddadonwhatisbestforthechild. [7]Butthedifferenceisessential(necessary,extremelyimportant)forchildren.Eitheroftheseparentingstylesbythemselvescanbeunhealthy(harmful).Onecantendtowardencouragingriskwithout(consider->)considerationofconsequences.Theothertendstoavoidrisk,whichcanfailtobuildindependence,confidenceandprogress.Joinedtogether,theykeepeachotherinbalanceandhelpchildrenremainsafewhileexpandingtheirexperiencesandconfidence. MothersandFathersCommunicateDifferently [8]Amajor(main)studyshowedthatwhen(theyare)speakingtochildren,mothersandfathersaredifferent.Motherswillsimplifytheirwordsandspeakonthechild’slevel.Menarenotasinclined(willing)tomodifytheirlanguageforthechild. [9]Mother’swayfacilitates(=helps)immediatecommunication.Father’swaychallengesthechildtoexpandhervocabularyandlinguisticskills,animportantbuildingblock(apieceofwoodorplasticusedasatoyforchildrentobuildthingswith积木)ofacademicsuccess. [10]Father’stalktendstobemorebrief,directive,andtothepoint.Italsomakesgreateruseofsubtle(notverynoticeableorobvious)bodylanguageandfacialexpressions.Motherstendtobemore(scribe滕文工->describe描述->)descriptive, 3 personalandverbally(inspokenwordsandnotinwritingoractions)encouraging.Childrenwhodonothavedailyexposureto(=experience)bothwillnotlearnhowtounderstandandusebothstylesofconversationastheygrow.Theseboysandgirlswillbeatadisadvantage(处于劣势)becausetheywillexperiencethesedifferentwaysofcommunicatinginrelationshipswithteachers,bossesandotherauthorityfigures. [11]EducationalpsychologistCarolGilligantellsusthatfathersstressjustice,fairness(=equality)andduty(basedonrules),whilemothersstresssympathy,careandhelp(basedonrelationships).Fatherstendtoobserve(obey)andenforcerulessystematicallyandsternly(=strictly,seriously),whichteachchildrentheobjectivityandconsequencesofrightandwrong.Motherstendtowardgrace(aqualityofbehaviorthatispoliteandpleasantanddeservesrespect)andsympathyinthemidstof(among)(obey->obedient->obediencedisobey->disobedient->)disobedience,whichprovideasenseofhopefulness.Again,eitherofthesebythemselvesisnotgood,buttogether,theycreateahealthy,proper(appropriateorcorrect)balance. FathersProvideaLookat(=aviewof)theWorldofMen;Mothers,theWorldofWomen [12]Menandwomenaredifferent.Theyeatdifferently.Theydressdifferently.Theysmelldifferent.Theygroom(dress)themselvesdifferently.Theycopewith(dealwith)lifedifferently.Fathersdo\fathersbothhelplittlegirlsandlittleboyslearnhowtogrowtobewomenandmen.AnthropologistSuzanneFrayserexplainsthisisconstant(happeningallthetimeorrepeatedly)inallhumansocieties,\thatimprovesitormakesitmoreattractive)theother.Theboycanlookathisfatherandseewhatheshoulddotobeamale;hecanlookathismotherandseewhatheshouldnotdotobeamale.\ [13]Girlsandboyswhogrowupwithafatheraremorefamiliarandsecurewiththecurious(=strangeandunusual)worldofmen.Girlswithinvolved(积极参与社会活动),marriedfathersaremorelikely(possible)tohavehealthierrelationshipswithboysinadolescence(thetimeinaperson’slifewhen
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