高中化学公式大全Encyclopedia of high school chemistry formulas.docx
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高中化学公式大全Encyclopedia of high school chemistry formulas.docx
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高中化学公式大全Encyclopediaofhighschoolchemistryformulas
高中化学公式大全(Encyclopediaofhighschoolchemistryformulas)
F97
Highschoolchemistryformulainduction
Usercommentsarticlesource:
()releasetime:
2009-10-29
Highschoolchemistryformulacanbesaidtoeachstagethroughoutthehighschoolchemistrycurriculum,andevencanbesaidtobethecorecontentofhighschoolchemistry,reviewstagetosortoutallthechemicalformula,onebyone,understandingandclassificationofmemory,onlythefirsttorememberonlythenextstepmightbetouseflexibly,soherewesortingoutthehighschoolchemistrytextbookformula,wecanaccordingtotheiruse.
First,non-metallicelements(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1.oxidation:
F2+H2=2HF
F2+Xe=XeF2(excess)
2F2(excess)+Xe=XeF4
NF2+2M=2MFn(mostmetal)
2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2
2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI=2NaF+I2
F2+Cl2(volume)=2ClF
3F2(excess)+Cl2=2ClF3
7F2(excess)+I2=2IF7
Cl2+H2=2HCl
3Cl2+2P=2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3=PCl5
Cl2+2Na=2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3
Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu=CuCl2
2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2NaI=2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe=Fe3O4
O2+K=KO2
S+H2=H2S
2S+C=CS2
S+Fe=FeS
S+2Cu=Cu2S
3S+2Al=Al2S3
S+Zn=ZnS
N2+3H2=2NH3
N2+3Mg=Mg3N2
N2+3Ca=Ca3N2
N2+3Ba=Ba3N2
N2+6Na=2Na3N
N2+6K=2K3N
N2+6Rb=2Rb3N
P2+6H2=4PH3
P+3Na=Na3P
2P+3Zn=Zn3P2
2.reducibility
S+O2=SO2
S+O2=SO2
S+6HNO3(strong)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(dilute)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2=2NO
4P+5O2=P4O10(oftenspelledP2O5)
2P+3X2=2PX3(XF2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2=PX5
P4+20HNO3(strong)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2=CF4
C+2Cl2=CCl4
2C+O2=2CO(small)
C+O2=CO2(enough)
C+CO2=2CO
C+H2O=CO+H2(watergasgeneration)
2C+SiO2=Si+2CO(preparedcoarsesilicon)
Si+2Cl2=SiCl4(coarse)
(SiCl4+2H2=Si+4HCl(pure))
Si+O2=SiO2(powder)
Si+C=SiC(emery)
Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2
3(base)disproportionation
Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO
(acidinhibition,disproportionation,additionofalkaliorilluminationtopromotedisproportionation)
Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca=CaCl2+2(OH)Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(hotconcentrated)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(concentrated)+3H2O+3KH2PO2=PH3
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO=CaC2+CO
3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO
Two,thereductionofmetallicelements(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)
2Na+H2=2NaH
4Na+O2=2Na2O
2Na2O+O2=2Na2O2
2Na+O2=Na2O2
2Na+S=Na2S(explosion)
2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+Ti(melting)
Mg+Cl2=MgCl2
Mg+Br2=MgBr2
2Mg+O2=2MgO
Mg+S=MgS
Mg+2H2O=Mg+H2(OH)2
2Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2MgCl2(melting)
Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C
2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S=MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2
2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl3
4Al+3O2=2Al2O3(passive)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O+4Hg=2(Al2O3.xH2O)
4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4=Al2+3H2(SO4)3
2Al+6H2SO4(strong)Al2(SO4)=3+3SO2+6H2O
(AlandFearepassivatedincold,denseH2SO4andHNO3)
Al+4HNO(diluted)Al(NO3)=3+NO+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3
Fe+I2=FeI2
Fe+S=FeS
3Fe+4H2O=Fe3O4+4H2(g)
Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2
(irondoesnottakefourtinchloridecompletelyinanacidenvironment
Reducedtotin,Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
Three,non-metallichydride(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1,reducibility:
4HCl(concentrated)+MnO2+Cl2+2H2O=MnCl2
4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2=2SO2+2H2O(enough)
2H2S+O2=2S+2H2O(small)
2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(strong)===S+SO2+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO(dilute)===3S+2NO+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2
fc*)fordemonstrating
so3===2mnso4+k2so4+5s+8h2o
3h2s+k2cr2o7+4h2so4===cr2(so3)3+k2so4+3s+7h20with
4na2o2+h2s+2h2o===na2so4+6naoh
2nh3+3cuo===3cu+n2+3h2o
2nh3+3cl2===n2+6hcl
8nh3+3cl2===n2+6nh4cl
4nh3+3o2(纯氧)===2n2+6h2o
4nh3+5o2===4no+6h2o
4nh3+6no===5n2+6h2o(用氨清除no)
nah+h2o===naoh+h2
4nah+ticl4===i+4nacl+2h2
cah2+2h2o===ca(oh)2+2h2
2、酸性:
4hf+sio2===sif4+2h2o
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中sio2的含量)
2hf+cacl2===+2hclcaf
h2s+fe===edf+h2
h2s+cucl2===+2hclcus
h2s+2agno3===ag2s+2hno3
h2s+hgcl2===hgs+2hcl
h2s+pb(n03)2===pbs+2hno3
h2s+fecl2===
2nh3+2na==2nanh2+h2
(nanh2+h2o===naoh+nh3)
3,碱性:
nh3+hcl===nh4cl
nh3+hno3===nh4no3
2nh3+h2so4===(nh4)2so4
nh3+nacl+h2o+co2===nahco3+nh4cl
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4,不稳定性:
2hf===h2+f2
2hcl===h2+cl2
2h2o===2h2+o2
2h2o2===2h2o+o2
h,s===h2+s
2nh3===n2+3h2
四、非金属氧化物
低价态的还原性:
2so2+o2===2so3
2so2+o2+2h2o===2h2so4
(这是so2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
so2+cl2+2h2o===h2so4+2hcl
so2+br2+2h2o===h2so4+2hbr
so2+i2+2h2o===h2so4+2hi
so2+no2===so3+no
2+o2===2no2
no+no2+2naoh===2nano2
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的no和no2)
2co+o2===2co2
whose===co+cu+co2
3co+fe2o3===2fe+3co2
co+h2o===co2+h2
氧化性:
so2+2h2s===3+2h2o
so3+2ki===k2so3+i2
no2+2ki+h2o===no+(2+2koh
(不能用淀粉ki溶液鉴别溴蒸气和no2)
4no2+h2s===4no+so3+h2o
2no2+cu===4cuo+n2
co2+2mg===2mgo+c
(co2不能用于扑灭由mg、ca、ba、na、k等燃烧的火灾)
sio2+2h2===+2h2o
sio2+2mg===2mgo+
3、与水的作用:
so2+h2o===h2so3
so3+h2o===h2so4
3no2+h2o===2hno3+no
n2o5+h2o===2hno3
p2o5+h2o===2hpo3
p2o5+3h2o===2h3po4
(p2o5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂
p2o5+3h2so4(浓)===2h3po4+3so3)
co2+h2o===h2co3
4、与碱性物质的作用:
so2+2nh3+h2o===((nh4)2so3
so2+(nh4)2so3+h2o===2nh4hso3
(这是硫酸厂回收so2的反应.先用氨水吸收so2、
再用h2so4处理:
2nh4hso3+h2so4===((nh4)2so4+2h2o+2so2
生成的硫酸铵作化肥、so2循环作原料气)
so2+ca(oh)2===caso3+h2o
(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别so2和co2.可用品红鉴别)
so3+mgo===mgso4
so3+ca(oh)2===caso4+h2o
co2+2naoh(过量)===na2co3+h2o
co2(过量)+naoh===nahco3
co2+ca(oh)2(过量)===caco3+h2o
2co2(过量)+ca(oh)2===ca(hco3)2
co2+2naalo2+3h2o===2al(oh)3+na2co3
c6h5ona+co2+h2o===c6h5oh+nahco3
sio2+cao===casio3
sio2+2naoh===na2sio3+h2o
(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)
sio2+na2co3===na2sio3+co2
sio2+caco3===casio3+co2
五、金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
6feo+o2===2fe3o4
feo+4hno3===fe(no3)3+no2+2h2o
2、氧化性:
na2o2+2na===2na2o
(此反应用于制备na2o)
mgo,al2o3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为mg,al.
一般通过电解制mg和al.
fe2o3+3h2===2fe+3h2o(制还原铁粉)
fe3o4+4h2===3fe+mncl2.4h2o
3、与水的作用:
thena2o+h2o===2naoh
2na2o2+h2o===4naoh+o2
(此反应分两步:
na2o2+h2o===2naoh+h2o2;
2h2o2===h2o+o2.h2o2的制备可利用类似的反应:
bao2+h2so4(稀)===baso4+h2o2)
mgo+h2o===mg(oh)2(缓慢反应)
4、与酸性物质的作用:
thena2o+so3===na2so4
thena2o+co2===na2co3
thena2o+2hcl===2nacl+h2o
2na2o2+2co2===2na2co3+o2
na2o2+h2so4(冷、稀)===na2so4+h2o2
mgo+so3===mgso4
mgo+h2so4===mgso4+h2o
al2o3+3h2so4===al2(so4)3+3h2o
(al2o3是两性氧化物:
al2o3+2naoh===2naalo2+h2o)
feo+2hcl===fecl2+3h2o
fe2o3+6hcl===2fecl3+3h2o
fe2o3+3h2s(g)===fe2s3+3h2o
fe3o4+8hcl===fecl2+2fecl3+mncl2.4h2o
六、含氧酸
1、氧化性:
4hclo3+3h2s===3h2so4+4hcl
hclo3+h===hio3+hcl
3hclo+h===hio3+3hcl
hclo+h2so3===h2so4+hcl
hclo+h2o2===hcl+h2o+o2
(氧化性:
hclo>>>hclo4、hclo3hclo2
ButtheconcentratedandhotHClO4isveryoxidizing
2H2SO4(concentrated)+C+2SO2+2H2O=CO2
2H2SO4+S=3SO2(concentrated)
D9B
+2H2O
H2SO4+Fe(Al)passivationatroomtemperature
6H2SO4(strong)+2Fe(SO4=Fe2)3+3SO2+6H2O
2H2SO4(concentrated)+Cu+SO2+2H2O=CuSO4
H2SO4(concentrated)+2HBr+Br2+2H2O=SO2
H2SO4(concentrated)+2HI+I2+2H2O=SO2
H2SO4(dilute)+Fe+H2=FeSO4
2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+2H2O
4HNO3(concentrated)+C+4NO2+2H2O=CO2
6HNO3(concentrated)+S+6NO2+2H2O=H2SO4
5HNO3(concentrated)+P+5NO2+H2O=H3PO4
6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O
4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O
36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O
30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2,reducibility:
H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX
(XstandsforCl2,Br2,I2)
2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4
H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O
5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O
H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
3,acidic:
H2SO4(concentrated)+CaF2+2HF=CaSO4
H2SO4(concentrated)+NaCl+HCl=NaHSO4
H2SO4(concentrated)+2NaCl+2HCl=Na2SO4
H2SO4(concentrated)+NaNO3+HNO3=NaHSO4
3H2SO4(strong)+Ca3(PO4)2=3CaSO4+2H3PO4
2H2SO4(strong)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2
3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3
2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2
(H2S,HI,HBr,H2SO4(SO2)couldnotbepreparedwithHNO3andconcentratedp
Equivalentreducinggas)
4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2=3Ca(H2PO4)2(TSP)
H3PO4(concentrated)+NaBr+HBr=NaH2PO4
H3PO4(concentrated)+NaI+HI=NaH2PO4
4,in
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