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精读教案lesson10
教案
周次
第15周,第1次课
授课时间
2011年12月5日
授课章节
LessonTenDiogenesandAlexander
本(章)节
授课方式
课堂讲授(√)实践课()
教学时数
2学时
授
课
要
点
本(章)节教学目标
1.Explainthepre-classwork
2.Askstudentstoacquirekeywords
3.Askstudentstoacquirerelevantbackgroundinformation
教学重点和难点
1.Wordformation
2.Keywords
3.Backgroundinformation
思考题
或
作业
1.PreviewTextAandanalyzethestructure.
2.Underlinethedifficultpoints.
教学内容与组织安排
Timeallotment
1.Lead-inandwarming-up1classhours
2.Word-study1classhour
3.Textanalysis6classhours
4.Grammarandexercises4classhours
I.Pre-classwork:
Prefixandsuffix
automaton(12)auto-:
self,automatic
autobiography
automobile
autograph
autocracy
automation
autonomy
auto-focus
自传
汽车
亲笔签名,手稿
独裁政治
自动控制
自治
自动聚焦
lunatic
(1)lun:
moon
luna
lunar
lunacy
lunitidal
lunes
lune
月,月神
月亮的
精神病
太阴潮的
精神病的发作
弓形,半月形
childish
womanish
boyish
girlish
monkish
wolfish
devilish
coldish
fattish
sweetish
greenish
yellowish
reddish
outlandish
幼稚的
像女人的
孩子气的
少女似的
僧侣的
豺狼般的
如恶魔般的
微冷的
稍胖的
有点甜的
呈绿色的
微黄的
微红的
奇异的
Ⅱ:
BackgroundInformation:
1.AlexandertheGreat
(亚历山大大帝)(356-323B.C),kingofMacedonia(马其顿),conquerorofthePersianEmpire,andoneofthegreatestmilitarygeniusesofalltimes.
Alexander,borninPella,theancientcapitalofMacedonia,wasthesonofPhilipII,kingofMacedonia,andofOlympias,aprincessofEpirus.AristotlewasAlexander'stutor;hegaveAlexanderathoroughtraininginrhetoricandliteratureandstimulatedhisinterestinscience,medicine,andphilosophy.Inthesummerof336B.C,Philipwasassassinated,andAlexanderascendedtotheMacedonianthrone.Hefoundhimselfsurroundedbyenemiesathomeandthreatenedbyrebellionabroad.Alexanderdisposedquicklyofallconspiratorsanddomesticenemiesbyorderingtheirexecution.ThenhedescendedonThessaly,wherepartisansofindependencehadgainedascendancy,andrestoredMacedonianrule.Beforetheendofthesummerof336B.C,hehadreestablishedhispositioninGreeceandwaselectedbyacongressofstatesatCorinth(科林斯).In335B.C,asgeneraloftheGreeksinacampaignagainstthePersians,originallyplannedbyhisfather,hecarriedoutasuccessfulcampaignagainstthedefectingThracians,penetratingtotheDanubeRiver(多瑙河).OnhisreturnhecrushedinasingleweekthethreateningIllyrians(伊利里亚人)andthenhastenedtoThebes(迪比亚人),whichhadrevolted.Hetookthecitybystormandrazedit,sparingonlythetemplesofthegodsandthehouseoftheGreeklyricpoetPindar(品达,古希腊抒情诗人),andsellingthesurvivinginhabitants,about8000innumber,intoslavery.Alexander'spromptnessincrushingtherevoltofThebesbroughttheotherGreekstatesintoinstantandabjectsubmission.
1.Abrillianttacticianandleader,butcouldalsoberuthlessandcruel
2.SleepwithIliadunderhispillow,identifyhimselfwithAchilles
3.WaragainstPersiain334BC:
Troy→Egypt→Babylon→defeatedPersiankingDariusandMarriedthePersianprincess→India→diedoffever
Gordianknot
这是个源出于古希腊传说的成语,Gordian是Gordius的形容词,Gordius是公元前四世纪小亚细亚地区的一个国王,他把一辆牛车的车辕和车轭用一根绳子系了起来,打了一个找不到结头的死结,声称谁能打开这个难解的Gordianknot谁就可以称王亚洲。
这个结一直没有人解开。
到了公元前三世纪,亚历山大大帝Alexander拔开身上的佩剑,一下子就把这个死结斩开了。
此后Gordianknot便用来指“难以解决的问题”,而cuttheGordianknot便指干脆利落地解决复杂的问题。
2.Diogenes:
(412B.C.—324B.C.)wasborninSinope,anIonian(爱奥尼亚的)colonyontheBlackSea.HisfatherwasresponsibleforthemintingofcoinsandwhenDiogenestooktoadulteratingthecoinswithbasemetalshewasbanishedfromthecity.HewenttoAthenswithhisslaveManes.Soonafter,Manesfled.WhenDiogeneswasadvisedtochasehisrunawayslavehereplied,"ItwouldbeabsurdifManescanlivewithoutDiogenes,butDiogenescannotgetonwithoutManes".InAthensDiogenessoughtAntisthenesashismentor.Antisthenesorderedhimawayandeventuallybeathimwithhisstaff.Diogenesisquotedassaying,"Strike,foryouwillfindnowoodhardenoughtokeepmeawayfromyou,solongasIthinkyou'vesomethingtosay."ThepersistenceofDiogenesbroketheresistanceofAntisthenes.
HewasaGreekphilosopherwhofoundedtheCynicschoolofphilosophy,stressingself-controlandthepursuitofvirtue.HewasthesonofHicesias,whowasexiledfromhishometownofSinope,allegedlyfordefacingitsdebasedcurrency.Thereafter,helivedinstreetsofCorinthandAthenswhereheissaidtohavelivedinabarrel.HebecametheprototypeofCynicism.
DiogeneshasbeendescribedasaSocratesgonemad.LikeSocrates,hesawhimselfencouragingmentoexaminetheirownbehaviour,andtoliveavirtuouslife.Bythis,hemeantalifeoftotalselfsufficiencyfreefromsocialrestraint,anddistractingdesires.
LivinglifeaccordingtonaturewasinterpretedbyDiogenestomeanabacktothebasicexistence.Virtuelayinrequiringthebareminimumforexistence.Helivedthelifeofatrueascetic.
Diogenesdeemedmanthemostintelligentandthemostfoolishoftheanimals.Fortheproperconductofhumanlife,heclaimed,weneed"rightreasonorahalter".Mostneededthehalter.Heissaidtohavewanderedthroughthemarketplacebearingalampinbroaddaylightproclaiming:
"Iamlookingforaman."Itwasamatterofselfmastery.Slaverywasamatterofattitude.Diogeneshimselfhadoncebeencapturedandsoldasaslave.Whenaskedbytheslavemasterwhathecoulddo,hereplied:
"Governmen",andaskedforabuyerwhowantedamaster.Thepurchasermadehimtutortohissonswhodidindeedobeyandreverehim.
CynicDiogenes:
DiogenesbecameadiscipleofAntisthenes,whowasattheheadoftheCynics.AntisthenesatfirstrefusedtoadmithimandevenstruckDiogeneswithastick.Diogenescalmlysaid,"StrikemeallyouwantbutIwillnotleaveyourpresence,whileyouspeakanythingworthhearing."AntistheneswassoimpressedwiththisreplythatheadmittedhimintotheCynics.Diogenesfullyadoptedtheprinciplesandcharacterofhismaster.
Diogenesdidlittlephilosophizing,butsoughttoliveanexemplarylifeofautonomy.Helivedinatubandissaidtohavetakenenormouspleasureinallthathedid.HesaidPlato'slectureswereawasteoftime.PlatohaddefinedManasa"featherlessbiped(两足动物)".Diogenespluckedafowlandbroughtitintothelectureroomwiththewords"HereisPlato'sman."Inconsequenceofwhichtherewasaddedtothedefinition,"havingbroadnails".
3.Comparison:
DIOGENESANDALEXANDER
Duringhislifetime,Diogenesencounteredthemostpowerfulofindividualsandtreatedthemwithscorn.Theyinturnrespondedwithadmiration.WhenAlexanderannounced:
"IamAlexander,thegreatking."Diogenesreplied:
"IamDiogenesthedog",usinghisnicknametoshowhiscontemptforthetitlesothersvalued.AlexanderisquotedassayingthathadhenotbeenAlexander,hewouldhavelikedtohavebeenDiogenes.
4."Cynicism(犬儒主义)"ofancientGreeceandRomederivesitsnamefromtheGreekwordfor"Dog".
Aristotle(亚里士多德)referstoDiogenes(第欧根尼)as"TheDog"andDiogenesseemstohaveacceptedthenickname.Cynicismwasnota"schoolofphilosophy",butratheran"erraticsuccessionofindividuals"whichcanbesaidtohavebegunwiththephilosopherAntisthenes.Antisthenes,anintimateandadmirerofSocrates(苏格拉底),disclaimedrefinedphilosophybelievingthattheplainmancouldknowallthereistoknow.AntistheneswasprobablymoreconsciouslyphilosophicalthoughlesscleverthanhispupilDiogenes.Antisthenesemphasizedmoralself-masteryandissaidtohaverejectedgovernment,property,marriageandreligion.Butwhilepropertywasregardedasanencumbrance(累赘)byAntisthenes,Diogeneswasnotabovestealing,claiming"allthingsarethepropertyofthewise".
TheobjectiveofCynicismwasself-sufficiencyandthecynicvirtueswerethequalitiesthroughwhichfreedomwasattained.Themostimportantvirtuewascallousnessorapathy,whichhadtobeattainedthroughtraining.Anothervirtuewasruggednessorendurance.Theloweranimalsweretobeemulatedinsofarastheywereindependentofclothing,shelterandtheartificialpreparationoffood.Cynicssoughttodisregardlaws,customs,conventions,publicopinion,reputation,honoranddishonor.TheGreeksatiristLucianrepresentsaCynicassaying:
"Scruplenottoperformthedeedsofdarknessinbroaddaylight.Selectyourloveadventureswithaviewtopublicentertainment."
Originofcynicism(para17)
Cynicism:
Aphilosophy,firstexpoundedbyDiogenes,thatencouragesindifferencetosocialconventionandmaterialcomfortsinordertoconcentrateonself-knowledge.TheaimoftheCynicwastobecomeself-determining,hencefree,bylivinginaccordancewithnature.
CynicismderivesitsnamefromtheGreekwordforDog.AristotlereferstoDiogenesas"TheDog"andDiogeneshadnoproblemwiththenickname.Cynicismwasnotaschoolofphilosophy,butratheranerraticsuccessionofindividualswhichbeganwiththephilosopherAntisthenes.
Cynicismemphasizedmoralself-mastery,rejectionofgovernment,property,marriageandreligion.However,Diogeneswasnotabovestealing,claimingallthingsarethepropertyofthewise.
Cynicswereasmallbutinfluentialschoolofancientphilisophers.TheirnameisthoughttobederivedeitherfromthebuildinginAthenscalledCynosarges,theearliesthomeoftheschool,orfromtheGreekwordforadog(kuon),incontemptuousallusiontotheuncouthandaggressivemannersadoptedbythemembersoftheschool.TheCynicsagreedintakingadogastheircommonbadgeorsymbol.
Fromapopularconceptionoftheintellectualcharacteristicsoftheschoolcomesthemodernsenseof“cynic”,im
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