Integrated water resources management IWRMan approach to face the challenges of the next century.docx
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Integrated water resources management IWRMan approach to face the challenges of the next century.docx
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IntegratedwaterresourcesmanagementIWRManapproachtofacethechallengesofthenextcentury
AnnotatedbibliographiesfromWed3-5,5-7tutes
FRESHWATERPOLLUTIONANDSCARCITIES
GlobalandRegionalWaterAvailabilityandDemand:
ProspectsfortheFuture
Author:
SophocleousM.1
Source:
NaturalResourcesResearch,Volume13, Number2,June2004,pp.61-75(15)
Publisher:
Springer
ThisarticleoutlinesthedetailsonthestocksandflowsofwaterthroughtheEarth’shydrologicalcyclewhichisessentialinunderstandingtheworld’swaterproblems.Itdiscussesthecausesofthefreshwatersacrcitiesratherthanthepollutionoffreshwaterpayingparticularattentiontoclimatechangesandagriculturalpractices.Manyofthefreshwaterissuesdiscussedhereareassesedgloballyandthereforewillbeusefulinmakingcomparisons.
Integratedwaterresourcesmanagement(IWRM):
anapproachtofacethechallengesofthenextcenturyandtoavertfuturecrises
Author:
AlRadifA.
Source:
Desalination,Volume124, Number1,1November1999,pp.145-153(9)
Publisher:
Elsevier
Thispaperwilldiscussthevariouswaterproblemsincludingincreasingwatershortages,deterioratingwaterqualityandstressesonwatersuppliesandthechallengestheyrepresenttointegratingtheapproachesofwatermanagementtoensuresustainabilityoftheresource.Manyoftheintegratedwatermanagementprocessesdiscussedherearepresentedinformofflowchartswhicharehelpfulininterpretingtheinformation.
Reviewarticle:
SiltandthefuturedevelopmentofChina'sYellowRiver
Authors:
ChengruiM.1; DregneH.E.1
Source:
TheGeographicalJournal,Volume167, Number1,March2001,pp.7-22(16)
Publisher:
BlackwellPublishing
ParticularattentionispaidtothegeographicalstructureoftheYellowriverbasinwhenadressingtheenvironmentalissuesfacedbythefreshwaterbody.Thisarticleoutlinestheeffectsofthesedimentdepositionwhichinreturnaffectthequalityofgroundwater.
EffectofHumanActivitiesonOverallTrendofSedimentationintheLowerYellowRiver,China
Author:
Jiongxin,Xu1
Source:
EnvironmentalManagement,Volume33, Number5,September2004,pp.637-653(17)
Publisher:
Springer
ThisarticledepictstheeffectsofhumanactivitiesthatcausethepollutionoftheYellowRiverincreasingthesedimantation.Unlikethepreviousarticleheretheinformationisbasedonthedataofannualriverflow,sedimentload,andchannelsedimentationinthelowerYellowRiverbetween1950and1997.Henceitappearstobeeffectiveinpredictingthefutureissuesfacedbythewaterbodyinthelongrun.
FreshwaterEcosystems—StructureandResponse
Author:
GwynfrynJonesJ.
Source:
EcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalSafety,Volume50, Number2,October2001,pp.107-113(7)
Publisher:
AcademicPress
Thispaperisconcernedwiththefreshwatercomponentoftheaquaticenvironment.Itpredictstheimpactofhumanactivitiesonthenaturalenvironmentitbydefiningforcesthatdriveand,therefore,controlthatenvironment.Thefreshwaterproblemsandthesolutionsdiscussedherearemainlybiological.Buttheyaremostlyenvironmentfriendlyandcost-effective.
•Aggarwal,P;Boussaha,A(2005),Hsub
(2)Oknow-how,InternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyBulletin,Vol.47no.1,pp39-42
Indetailingtheimportanceofwaterresourcesinsocio-economicdevelopment,thisarticlepaysparticularattentiontoissuesinAfricaandSouthAmerica.Forexample,whilegroundwaterishighlysignificanttoNorthAfricansurvival,majorproblemsintheareaincludesustainableusageandthepreventionofcontamination.Totheauthors,theglobalwatercrisisisacrisisofgovernance.
•Woodhouse,P(2003),AfricanEnclosures:
ADefaultModeofDevelopment,WorldDevelopment,Vol.31no.10,pp1705-1720
Thisarticleassertsthatstrengtheninglocal,customarylandrightswillencouragefurtherdisadvantagetothepoor.Itusesevidencefromcasestudiesinsemi-aridAfricatoexplainthatamorecentralisedapproachtolandandwatermanagementisnecessaryinpreventingpotentialdangers.Inalocalmanagementsystem,thesemayincludeprejudiceagainstcertaincommunityorethnicgroups,orover-responsivenesstomarketopportunitiesleadingtoover-production.
•Showers,KB(2002),WaterScarcityandUrbanAfrica,AnOverviewofUrban-RuralWaterLinkages,WorldDevelopment,Vol.30no.4,pp621-648
ThisarticleexaminesthefundamentaldependenceofAfricanurbanwatersupplyon‘healthy,increasinglydistantwatercycles’.Inordertoestablishthislinkandexamineitsrepercussions,threequestionsareposed:
Whatisthesourceofmunicipalwatersupplies?
Howisdomesticallyandindustriallyusedwatertreated,andwhereisitdisposed?
Howmuchdoeselectricityandotherpowerdependonwater?
Theauthoralsorecognisestheresponsibilityofwateruserstoensureprotectionofwatersuppliesfromcontamination.
•Ashton,PJ(2002),AvoidingConflictsoverAfrica’sWaterResources,Ambio,Vol.32no.2,pp236-242
ThepotentialforconflictsinAfricarunsparallelwiththeworseningstrainonitssharedwaterreservoirs,thisauthorargues.Threeaspectsoftheproblemareelucidated:
Thefactorscontributingtoconflictpotential(forexample:
strategicrivalries,upstream/downstreamtensions),thescaleofpossibleconflicts,andrecommendationsforconflictprevention.Measuresmayincludeformalinstitutionalstructuresorsharedresourceagreements.
•Bakir,H(2001),SustainablewastewatermanagementforsmallcommunitiesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,Vol.61no.4,pp319-328
Inaregionofparticularfreshwaterscarcity,newapproacheswillbevaluableinrecoveringwaterfornon-criticaluses,reducingcosts,andremainingenvironmentallyresponsible.Thisauthorcontendsthatdecentralised,properlymaintainedon-sitewastewatermanagementsystems-althoughnecessitatingaparadigmshift,areaworthysolution.However,responsiblewastewatermanagementmuststartinthehousehold,particularlyinsmallcommunities.
1.Chanan,A.,Woods,P.2006.IntroducingtotalwatercyclemanagementinSydney:
aKogarahCouncilinitiative,Desalination,187(1-3):
11-16
ThisarticlegivesanoverviewofthepracticalapplicationofwatermanagementregimesplannedbyKogarahCouncil.Itsupportstheuseoflocaldirectionandparticipationonwateruseandgivesexamplesforactualwaterreuse,savingandeffectivecapture.Itsemphasisoncommunityinvolvementinthedevelopmentofsuchinitiativesmightbeusedinmyessayasevidencefortheneedtomanagepeople.
2.Lundie,S.,Peter,G.,Beavis,P.2004.LifeCycleAssessmentforSustainableMetropolitanWaterSystemsPlanning,EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,38(13):
3465-3473
Thisarticleoutlinestheresultsofanassessmentofthesustainabilityofvariousfuturescenariosagainstcontinuationofourcurrentapproachtowatersupply.Theauthorsgiveno‘rank-order’tothescenariosinsteadprovidingasetofcomparableresultsabouteachscenariosimpactonsocietyandtheenvironment(Eg.demandmanagementandclimatechange).Thedisaggregatednatureoftheresultsandtheoverviewofthemethodologyusedtoreachtheseresultsallowacomplexanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenmanagingresourcesandpeople.
3.Marks,J.,Zadoroznyj,M.2005.ManagingSustainableUrbanWaterResuse:
StructuralContextandCulturesofTrust,SocietyandNaturalResources18:
557-572
Theauthorsgiveanoverviewofthesocialideasrelatingtowateruse,particularlythesignificanceoftrustinwaterreuse.Theanalysehowthistrustdevelops,evolvesandcanbedestroyedbylookingatfourcasestudiesintheUSAandAustraliawerewaterreusehasbeenimplementedwithinacommunity.Thearticleprovidesevidenceofhowmismanagementofpeopleandinformationcanaffectopportunitiesforsustainableresourceuse.
4.Trumbo,C.,O’Keefe,G.2005IntentiontoConserveWater:
EnvironmentalValues,ReasonedAction,andInformationEffectsAcrossTime,SocietyandNaturalResources,18:
573-585
Thisarticlecoversattitudestowaterconservationinthehomeenvironmentandthusshowsagrassrootsrelationshipbetweenpeople,resourcesandmanagement.HoweverthearticlegenerallydiscussestheseattitudesinusingcomplexmathematicalprocessesthatIamyettounderstandrenderingitsconclusions,atthispoint,inapplicabletomyessay.
5.Russell,S.,Hampton,G.2006.Challengesinunderstandingpublicresponsesandprovidingeffectivepublicconsultationonwaterreuse,Desalination,187(1-3):
215-227
Thisarticlesetsoutacurrentunderstandingofhowpeopleandinformationflowsaremanagedwithregardtowaterreuse.Theauthorsoutlinewhattheyseeasthegapsinthisunderstandingasabackgroundtotheproposalthatfurtherstudyisrequiredtoallowbetterpeoplemanagementonwaterreuse.
1)Mowbray,D.LandPernetta,JC(ed).,1998.EvaluationoftheOTMLmonitoringprogrammeandheavymetalresiduesinOkTediandFlyRiverSystem-1981-1985,
TheauthorpresentsareviewofbothchemicalmonitoringandbiologicalstudiesconducteduptoDecember1985-typesofmonitoringandmanagementstrategiesoftheOkTedi.Thestudiesspanthetimebeforeminingactivitycommenced,‘duringtheconstructionphaseandforthefirsteighteenmonthsofgoldprocessing.’Theauthorpointstoacorrelationbetween,mismanagementpracticesandthereconsequencese.g.anextensivefishkillandalsoexamineshowPNGenvironmentalstandardshavebeenineffectiveathaltingenvironmentaldegradation.
2)Narayan,S.,2000.Propertyrightsandtheimpactonresourceallocationandwelfare:
adiagrammaticexposition,33
(1):
100-108.
TheauthortakesissuewiththeCoase’sT
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