Unit 2 Communication Problems新编大学英语第二版第二册教案.docx
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Unit 2 Communication Problems新编大学英语第二版第二册教案.docx
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Unit2CommunicationProblems新编大学英语第二版第二册教案
Unit2CommunicationProblems
UsefulInformation
Learningasecondlanguageisnevereasy,and,generallyspeaking,theolderoneiswhenoneattemptsanewlanguage,themoredifficultitbecomes.Thisisatleastpartlyduetowhatisknownaslanguageinterference,meaningthatthelinguisticpatternsofourfirstlanguageinterferewiththoseofthesecondbecausenotwolanguageshaveexactlythesamesoundsandgrammaticalstructures.
Alllanguageshaveobligatorycategoriesofgrammarthatmaybelackinginotherlanguages. Russian—unlikeEnglish—hasanobligatorycategoryforgenderwhichdemandsthatanoun,andoftenapronoun,specifywhetheritismasculine,feminine,orneuter.Anotherobligatorycategory,similarlylackinginEnglish,requiresaverbstateindicatingwhetherornotanactionhasbeencompleted.Therefore,aRussianfindsitimpossibletotranslateaccuratelytheEnglishsentenceIHIREDAWORKERwithouthavingmuchmoreinformation.Hewouldhavetoknowwhetherthe“I”wasamanorwoman,whethertheactionhadacompletiveornoncompletiveaspect(“alreadyhired”asopposedto“wasintheprocessofhiring”),andwhetherthe“worker”wasamanorawoman.
Likewise,whentranslatinganEnglishstoryintoChineseinwhichacharacteridentifiedascousinappears,aChinesetranslatorrequirestoknowwhetheritreferstoamaleorafemale,whetherthecharacterisolderoryoungerthanthespeaker,andwhetherthecharacterbelongstothefamilyofthespeaker’sfatherormother.ThereforeBIAOMEI(表妹)canbetranslatedintoEnglishonlybytheawkwardstatement“afemalecousinonmymother’ssideandyoungerthanI.”Ofcourse,thetranslatormightsimplyestablishthesefactsaboutthecharacterthefirsttimesheappearsandthereaftertranslatethewordas“cousin”,butthatwouldignorethesignificanceinChinesecultureoftherepetitionoftheseobligatorycategories.
TheRussian/EnglishandChinese/Englishexamplesillustratethebasicprobleminanytranslation.Nomatterhowskilledtranslatorsare,theycannottakethelanguageoutofthespeechcommunitythatusesit.Translationobviouslyisnotasimpletwo-waystreetbetweentwolanguages.Rather,itisabusyintersectionatwhichatleastfivethoroughfaresmeet—thetwolanguageswithalloftheirpeculiarcharacteristics,theculturesofthetwospeechcommunities,andthespeechsituationinwhichthestatementwasuttered.
TheEnglishlanguagehasaverylargevocabularybecauseithasincorporatedwordsfrommanyotherlanguagesoverthecenturies.Thisisnowheremoreapparentthaninitscolorwords. Forexample,therearemanywordsthatexpressthecolor“purple,”describingitsdifferentshadesandhues:
mauve,violet,lilac,orlavender.AninterestinglinguisticgenderdifferenceamongnativespeakersofEnglishisthelikelihoodofwomenusingthesecolortermstodifferentiatebetweenshadesofpurple,whereas,menwillbesatisfiedwiththeoneword“purple”.Thisistrueofothercolorwordstoo.Wordslike“beige,”“ecru,”“aquamarine,”“off-white,”etc.arequitecommoninawoman’sactivevocabularybutabsentfromthatofmostmen.SimilarsortsofdifferencesexistelsewhereintheEnglishvocabulary.Thereis,forinstance,agroupofadjectiveswhichhave,besidestheirspecificandliteralmeanings,anotheruseofindicatingthespeaker’sapprovaloradmirationforsomething.Someoftheseadjectivesareneutralastothesexofthespeaker:
eithermenorwomentendtousethem.Butanothersetseems,initsfigurativeuse,largelyconfinedtowomen’sspeech.Representativelistsofbothtypesarebelow:
NEUTRAL WOMENMOSTLY
great adorable
terrific charming
cool sweet
neat lovely
Thus,whenlearningalanguage,wesometimesneedtopayattentiontowhichsexuseswhichwords,particularlywhenwereachanadvancedstagewhereweareaddingmanynewwordstoourvocabularyandwanttousethemaccurately.Wealsoneedtopayattentiontosomeofthemultiplemeaningsthatwordshave,aswellastotheirconnotations.
PartOnePreparation
1.SayingThingsSincerelyorSarcastically
1)C 2)A 3)D 4)B
A)Sarcastically B)Sincerely C)Sincerely D)Sincerely
2.TelephoneChains
Hereareafewmessagesforyourreference.Youcanhaveyourownmessagesaswell.
1)John’smotherboughthimalovelycat.
2)Therearethirty-fourboysandthirteengirlsinourclass.
3)MyyoungerbrotherisstudyingatauniversityinAustralia.
4)Ican’tunderstandwhyhegetssoangrywithme.
5)Iwastalkingtoagirlinmyclassaboutthemathhomework.
3.EnjoyingAJoke
Inthejoke,theproblemisthattheboyalwaystakeswhatthemansaysliterally.Infact,whenthemanasks“Wheredoesthisroadgo?
”,heexpectsthattheboywilltellhimthattheroadgoestoacertainplace.Butinstead,theboydoesn’tcatchwhatthemanmeansandhisanswerseemsirrelevant.Thesamethinghappenswiththequestion“Howfarisittothenexttown?
”Thereforethereadermaythinktheboyisstupid.Buttoone’ssurprise,theboy’slastsentenceisveryclever:
“IknowIdon’tknowmuch,andImaybeafool,butatleastI’mnotlost.”Thismakesthemanseemstupid.
PartTwoReading-CenteredActivities
In-ClassReading
I. Pre-Reading
1.
1)——Yes,Iagree.Malespeakersaremoredirect,andfemalespeakersaremoreindirectortactful.Forinstance,ifamansays:
“Youdon'tlookgoodinthatdress,”hemeanswhathesays.Incontrast,awomanmightsay:
“That'saninterestingdressyou'rewearing,”whensheactuallymeansshedoesn'tlikethedress.Sheistryingtobetactful.
——Usually,whenpeoplesaysomething,theytrytomakethemselvesunderstoodbyexpressingtheliteralmeaning.Butonsomeoccasions,thesamewordscanhavedifferentmeanings.Forexample,whenawomanfallsinlove,herwordstoherlovermayimplysomethingspecial.Whenshesaysthatshefeelscold,shemightactuallymeanthatit’stimeforthemantomoveclosertoher.Inthatcase,itisaninvitationtothemantoholdherhands,ortoputhisarmsaroundher.
2)——Ithink,besidesgenderdifferences,differencesinsocialposition,educationbackground,culture,occupationandagemayalsocauseproblemsinunderstandingeachother.
——Inmyopinion,thosewhospeakthesamelanguagemayexpressthemselvesdifferentlybecausetheyhavedifferentpersonalities,likesanddislikes,orvaluesystems.Alltheseworktogethertoleadtodifferentpersonalstylesorwaysofcommunication.
Morerelevantinformationforteachers:
Geography:
AmongAmericanEnglishspeakers,forexample,somehaveaBostonaccent,aTexasaccent,anAfricanAmericanaccent,etc.AcrosstheworldamongEnglishspeakers,thereisBritishEnglish,AustralianEnglish,IndianEnglish,etc.
Age:
"TeenageSpeak"isanexample.Teenagers(atleastinSouthernCalifornia)typicallyusewordsandexpressionslike rad, awesome, debomb,etc.Eventheoldergenerationusesexpressionssuchas it'slike...,or I'mlike...frequently.Nodoubtyouspeakquitedifferentlyfromyourparents!
Socialclass:
Labovshowedthatthefrequencyofthe/r/soundamongNewYorkersvariesdependingonsocialclass.Formssuchas ain't for isn't mayalsoindicatethesocialclassofthespeakers.
Topic:
Legalese,forinstance,isverydifferentfromthelanguageofairtrafficcontrol.
Individuals:
Howabout"Clintonese"?
IndividualslikeBillClintoncanhaveadistinctivestyleoftheirown.Doyouandothermembersofyourfamilysharewordsnooneelsewouldunderstandoruse?
Gender:
MenarefromMarsandWomenfromVenus!
Icouldn'tagreemore!
Doyou?
2.
Verb
Noun
accept
acceptance
argue
argument
assist
assistance
emphasize
emphasis
complain
complaint
frustrate
frustration
translate
translation
communicate
communication
II.PassageReading
Words,PhrasesandGrammaticalPoints
encounter(l. 1)
n. ameeting,especiallyonethatisunplanned,unexpected,orbrief相遇,碰见,尤指一次没有事先计划的、未料到的、短暂的相遇
e.g. I)Shedidn’trememberourencounterlastsummer.
II)AbusridefromNewYorktoMiamibringsencounterswithallkindsofpeople.
v. 1)meet,especiallyunexpectedly;comeupon不期而遇,相遇,尤指意外遇到;偶然遇见:
e.g. I)Yesterday,Iencounteredanoldfriendonthestreet.
II)IfirstencounteredhimwhenstudyingatCambridge.
2)experiencesomething,especiallyproblemsoropposition遭遇:
e.g. I)Themoredangersweencounter,theharderweshouldpushforward.
II)Theyoungscientistsencounteredmanydifficultiesduringtheirexploration.
III)Weencounteredseriousproblemswhentwomembersoftheexpedition(探险队)wereinjured.
mis-(l. 14) prefix
1)badorbadly
e.g. misfortune(badluck)/misbehave(behavebadly)
2)wrongorwrongly
e.g. misinterpret/misunderstand/mislead/misguide
3)showsanoppositeorthelackofsomething
e.g. mistrust
emerge(l. 15) v.
appearorcomeoutfromsomewhere
e.g. I)Thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.
II)Theshipemergedfrombehindthefog.
Iffactsemerge,theybecomeknownafterbeinghiddenorsecret
e.g. I)Eventuallythetruthemerged.
II)Lateritemergedthatthejudgehadbeenemployinganillegalimmigrant.
means(l. 43)/mean(l. 19)
means:
n. amethod,system,object,etc.thatyouuseasawayofachievingaresult[+of]方法、手段、工具
e.g. I)Arethereanymeans of gettingthere?
II)Thequickestmeans of travelisbyplane.
III)Haveyouthemeanstosupportawife?
其它类似的词还有way,method。
e.g. I)Someliketheolderwaysofdoingthings.
II)Ourteacherisshowingusanewmethodofwriting.
mean:
v.
a.haveorrepresentaparticularmeaning表示……意思
e.g. I)Theredlightmeans“St
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