外文翻译资料及译文.docx
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外文翻译资料及译文.docx
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外文翻译资料及译文
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外文翻译资料
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Business&CommercialAviation,Nov20,2000.5-87-88
InteractiveElectronicTechnicalManualsElectronicpublicationscanincreasetheefficiencyofyourdigitalaircraftandanalogtechnicians.
Benoff,Dave
Computerizedtechnicalmanualsaresilentlyrevolutionizingtheaircraftmaintenanceindustrybyhelpingthetechnicianisolateproblemsquickly,andintheprocessreducedowntimeandcostsbymorethan10percent.
Theseelectronicpublicationscanreducethenumerousvolumesofmaintenancemanuals,microficheandworkcardsthatareusedtomaintainengines,airframes,avionicsandtheirassociatedcomponents.
"Ascomparedwiththepapermanuals,electronicpublicationsgiveusgreaterdetailandreducedresearchtimes,"saidChuckFredrickson,generalmanagerofMercuryAirCenterinFortWayne,Ind.
Withalltheadvancesincomputerhardwareandsoftwaretechnologies,suchashighqualitydigitalmultimedia,hypertextandthecapabilitytostoreandtransmitdigitalmultimediaviaCD-ROMs/networks,technicalpublicationcompanieshavefoundaneffective,cost-efficientmethodtodisseminatedatatotechnicians.
ThesolutionformanyoperatorsandOEMsistotakeadvantageoftoday'stechnologyintheformofElectronicTechnicalManuals(ETM)orInteractiveTechnicalManuals(IETM).AnETMisanytechnicalmanualpreparedindigitalformatthathastheabilitytobedisplayedusinganyelectronichardwaremedia.ThedifferencebetweenthetypesofETM/IETMsistheembeddedfunctionalityandimplementationofthedata.
"TheonlydrawbackwehadtousingETMswasgettingenoughcomputerstomeetourtechnicians'demand,"saidWalterBerchtold,vicepresidentofmaintenanceatJetAviation'sWestPalmBeach,Fla.,facility.
Agrowingconcernisthecosttoprintpaperpublications.Inanefforttoreducecosts,someaircraftmanufacturersareofferingincentivesforownerstoswitchfrompapertoelectronicpublications.Withanaverageprintingcostofaround10centsperpage,atypicalvolumeofapapertechnicalmanualcancostthemanufacturerover$800foreachcopy.Whenproducingapublicationelectronically,averageproductioncostsforacompletesetofaircraftmanualsareapproximately$20percopy.Itisnothardtoseethecostadvantagesofelectronicpublications.
AnotheradvantageofETMsistheeaseofupdatinginformation.Withapapercopy,themanufacturerhastoreprinttherevisedpagesandmailcopiestoalltheowners.Whenupdatesarenecessaryforanelectronicmanual,changescaneitherbee-mailedtotheownersordownloadedfromthemanufacturer'sWebsite.
Sowhyhaven'tmoreflightdepartmentsconvertedtheirpublicationstoETM/IETMs?
Theanswerliesinconvincingtechniciansthatelectronicpublicationscanincreasetheirefficiency.
"Wehadaninitiallearningcurvewhenthetechniciansswitchedover,butnowthattheyarefamiliarwiththesoftwaretheyneverwanttogobacktopaper,"saidFredrickson.
Alargemajorityofcorporatetechniciansalsosaidthatwhiletheyliketheconceptofhavingatoolthataidsthetroubleshootingprocess,theyarefearfultogiveupalloftheirmarked-uppapermanuals.
In1987,ahumanfactorsstudywasconductedbytheU.S.governmenttocomparetechniciantroubleshootingeffectiveness,betweenpaperandelectronicmethodology,andincludedexperttroubleshootingprocedureswithguidancethroughtheevents.Resultsoftheprojectindicatedthattechniciansusingelectronicmediatooklessthanhalfthetimetocompletetheirtasksthanthoseusingthepapermethod,andtechniciansusingtheelectronicmethodaccomplished65percentmoreinthatreducedtime.
Thereportalsonotedthatnewtechniciansusingtheelectronictechnicalmanualswere12-percentmoreefficientthantheolder,moreexperiencedtechnicians.(Novicesusingpapertook15percentlongerthantheexperts.)
Itisinterestingthat90percentofthetechnicianswhousedtheelectronicmanualssaidtheypreferredthemtothepaperversions.Thisprovedtotheindustrythatwithpropertraining,theoldertechnicianscouldeasilytransitionfrompapertoelectronicmedia.
Electronicpublicationsarenotanewconcept,althoughhowtheyareappliedtodayis."Researchoverthelast20yearshasprovidedasolidfoundationfortoday'sIETMimplementation,"saidJosephFulleroftheU.S.NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter."IETMssuchasthosefortheApache,Comanche,F-22,JSTARandV-22haveprogressedfromconcepttomilitaryandcommercialimplementation."
Inthelate1970s,theU.S.militaryinvestigatedthefeasibilityofconvertingexistingpaperandmicrofilm.TheNavyTechnicalInformationPresentationSystem(NTIPS)andtheAirForceComputer-basedMaintenanceAidSystem(CMAS)wereimplementedwithsignificantcostsavings.
Thereportstatedthattransitiontoelectronicpublicationsresultedinreductionsincorrectivemaintenancetime,fewerfalseremovalsofgoodcomponents,moreaccurateandcompletemaintenancedatacollectionreports,reductionintrainingrequirementsandreducedsystemdowntime.
TheproblemthatthemilitaryencounteredwasETMswerecreatedinmultiplelevelsofcomplexitywithlittletonostandardization.Optionsforpublicationsrangefromsimplepage-turningprogramstofull-functioningautomateddatabases.
ThisresultedintheclassificationofETMssothatthebesttypeofelectronicpublicationcouldbeselectedfortheproperapplication.
ChoosingaLevel
WithalloftheOEMandsecond-andthird-partyelectronicpublicationsthatareavailableitisimportantthatyouchoosetheapplicationlevelthatisappropriateforyouroperation.
JohnJ.Miller,BAESystems'managerofelectronicpublications,toldB/CA
that"WhenchoosingthelevelofanETM/IETM,thingslikecomplexityoftheaircraftanditssystems,easeofuse,currencyofdataandcommonalityofdatashouldbethedecidingfactors;and,ofcourse,price.Ifoperationalandsupportcostsarereducedwhenyoupurchaseafull-functioningIETM,thenyoushouldpurchasethebettersystem."
Millerisanexpertontheproduction,sustainmentandemergingtechnologiesassociatedwithelectronicpublications,andwasthemanagerofpublicationsforBoeinginPhiladelphia.
Electronicpublicationsareclassifiedinoneoffivecategories.AClass1publicationisabasicelectronic"pageturner"thatallowsyoutoviewthemaintenancemanualasitwasprinted.WithaClass2publicationalltheoriginaltextofthemanualisviewedasonecontinuouspagewithnopagebreaks.InClass3,4and5publicationsthemaintenancemanualisviewedonacomputerinaframe-basedenvironmentwithincreasingoptionsastheclasschanges.(Seesidebar.)
ChoosingtheappropriateETMforyouroperationistypicallylimitedtowhateverisbeingofferedonthemarket,butsince1991humanfactorsreportsstatethedemandhasincreasedand,therefore,optionsareexpectedtofollow.
ETM/IETMProviders
CompaniesthatcreateETM/IETMsareclassifiedaseitherOEMorsecondpartyprovider.Class1,3and4ETM/IETMsarethemostcommonlyusedelectronicpublicationsforbusinessandcommercialoperatorsandcostscanrangeanywherefrom$100to$3,000foreachETM/IETM.ThefollowingarejustafewexamplesofETM/IETMsthatareavailableonthemarket.
DassaultFalconJetoffersoperators
oftheFalcon50/50EX,900/900EXand2000aClass4IETMcalledtheFalconIntegratedElectronicLibrarybyDassault(FIELD).ProducedinconjunctionwithSogitecIndustriesinSuresnesCedex,France,theelectronicpublicationcontainsservicedocumentation,basicwiring,recommendedmaintenanceandTBOschedules,maintenancemanual,toolsmanual,servicebulletins,maintenanceandrepairmanual,andavionicsmanual.
TheFIELDsoftwareallowstheusertoviewtheproceduresandhot-linkdirectlytotheIllustratedpartscatalog.Thesoftwarealsoenablestheusertogeneratediscrepancyforms,quotationsheets,annotationsinthemanualandspecificpreferencesforeachuser.
BAE'sMillersaidmostoftheIETMpresentationsystemshavefeaturescalled"TechnicalNotes."Ifauseroftheelectronicpublicationnoticesadiscrepancyorneedstoannotatethemanualforfuturetroubleshooting,theusercanaddaTechNote(anelectronicmark-up)tothesteporprocedureandsaveittothebasedocument.Thenexttimethatoranotheruserisintheprocedure,clickingonthetechnoteiconlaunchesapop-upscreendisplayingtheprevioustechnician'scomments.Thesameelectronictransferoftechnotescanbesenttootherdevicesbyusingeitheradockingstationorthroughanetworkserver.Inaddition,systemsalsocanuse"personalnotes"similartotechnicalnotesthatareassignedIDcodesthatonlytheauthoringtechniciancanaccess.
RequirementsfortheFIELDsoftwareincludetheminimumofa16XCD-ROMdrive,PentiumII200MHzcomputer,Windows95,InternetExplorer4SP1andDatabaseAccessV3.5orhigher.
RaytheonoffersownersofBeechandHawkeraircraftaClass4IETMcalledRaytheonElectronicPublicationSystems(REPS).TheREPSsoftwarelinkstheframe-basedprocedureswiththepartscatalogusingasingleCD-ROM.
RaytheonAircraftTechnicalPublicationssaidotherin-productionRaytheonaircraftmanualsetswillbeconvertedtotheREPSformat,withthegoalofhavingallofthemavailableby2001.InadditionRaytheonoffersselectComponentMaintenanceManuals(CMM).TheClass1ETMisastand-alone"page-turner"electronicmanualthatutilizesthePDFformatofAdobeAcrobat.
OthermanufacturersincludingBombardier,CessnaandGulfstreamofferoperatorssimilaronlineandPDFdocumentationusingacustomer-accessedWebaccount.
Boeingisonemanufacturerthathasdevelopeda
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