《我的安东尼亚》的生态女性主义解读.docx
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《我的安东尼亚》的生态女性主义解读.docx
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《我的安东尼亚》的生态女性主义解读
学科分类号0502
本科毕业论文
题目《我的安东尼亚》的生态女性主义解读
AnEco-feministReadingofMyAntonia
姓名何汉芹
学号2006090407
院(系)外国语学院英语系
专业、年级2006级英语专业
指导教师叶冬
二○一○年四月
AnEco-feministReadingofMyAntonia
HeHanqin
Abstract:
WillaCatherwasaveryoutstandingnovelist,essayist,reviewerandjournalistinthesecondhalfofthe19thandthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Inherwriting,theactive,undauntedfemaleimage,thepicturesque,tranquilNebraskaandthehardstruggleoftheimmigrantsinthefrontierarerolledintoone.MyAntoniaisundoubtedlythemosttypicalandimpressiveone.Theprotagonist,Antonia’stwistyetcolorfullife,thebeautifulsceneryintheprairieappealtoquitealotofreaders.Manycriticshavestudiedthisnovelfromfeministorecologistperspective,authorofthisthesis,however,triestodelveintoitfromecofeministperspective,whichisthecombinationofthosetwo.Itincludesthreeperspectives.Chapteroneisabriefsurveyofthetheoryofecofeminism.Chaptertwo,themostimportantone,describeswomenandnatureinthenovel.ChapterthreeisaboutWillaCather’sconceptofaharmonioussocietybuilding.ThestudyofthesethreeaspectsaimstoillustratethedeepbeautyofMyAntonia.
Keywords:
MyAntonia;WillaCather;ecofeminism;ecology;feminism
内容提要:
薇拉﹒凯瑟是19世纪末20世纪初期杰出的小说家,散文家,文学评论家以及记者。
在她的作品中,积极向上的妇女形象,风景如画的内华达州以及边疆移民的苦难生活都活灵活现的呈现在读者面前。
《我的安东尼亚》就是一个很好的典范。
主人公安东尼亚那曲折而又丰富多彩的生活和美丽的平原地区吸引了一大批的阅读者。
在过去,很多的文学评论家从女性主义或生态主义的角度研究过这部作品。
本论文试图把他们结合起来,从生态女性主义角度研究,主要从三个方面剖析。
第一章是对生态女性主义理论的理解。
第二章是文章的核心内容,它从细节上剖析女性和生态在《我的安东尼亚》中的具体体现。
第三章解说了薇拉﹒凯瑟有关和谐社会构建的具体方案。
通过以上三个方面的研究来展示《我的安东尼亚》中深层的美。
关键词:
我的安东尼亚;薇拉﹒凯瑟;生态女性主义;生态学;女权主义
Introduction
WillaCather(December7,1873----April24,1947),anoutstandingAmericanfemalenovelist,essayist,reviewerandjournalistinthesecondhalfofthe19thandthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,alwaysconcernsaboutthelifeofthefrontierpeople,theenvironment,andtheimmigrants.
WillaCather’swritingcareercanbemainlydividedintothreeparts.Thefirstpartmainlyincludesabookofpoetry,AprilTwilight(1903),abookofshortstories,TheTrollGarden(1905)andherfirstnovelAlexander’sBridge(1912).Inworksinthisperiod,ontheonehand,Cathershowedadmirationformasculinitybyemployingmalewritingtechniques,butexpresseddespisetootherfemalewriters.Onherpointofview,itwaswomenthemselveswhoshouldbeblamedfortheover-sentimentalatmosphereintheirworks.Ontheotherhand,shestronglyadvocatedequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Asaresult,herfemalecharactersinthisperiodseemedtobedepressed,muchasherself.
InFebruary1908,CathermetSarahOrneJewett,aregionalwriterwhogaveherveryvaluableadvice:
writeonafemale’sperspectiveandwriteabouttheplacesandsubjectsthatarefamiliartoher.Thesetwopiecesofadviceenlightenedheragreatdealandledtothepublicationofthreeofhermostsignificantworks:
OPioneers!
(1913),TheSongsoftheLark(1915),andMyAntonia(1918).Thisbeganthesecondstepofherwritingcareer.Duringthisperiod,CatherreturnedtotheNebraskacornfieldsandcreatedcharactersnewtoAmericanfiction.Inthesenovels,shecreatedsuchfemalecharactersasAntoniaandAlexandrawhoshowedgreatcouragetosearchforself-identification.
Duringthethirdpart,sheenjoyedanextraordinaryamountofattentionandcriticalesteem.AfterbeingawardedthePulitzerPrizeforOneofOursin1922,shegotreputationwiththepublicationofTheProfessor’sHousein1925,MyMortalEnemyin1926,andDeathComesfortheArchbishopin1927.Theseworksshowedherdissatisfactionwiththelossofspiritualvaluesthataccompaniedthegrowthofmaterialismandtechnologyinthe20thcentury.Nodoubtshechangedherattitudefromtowardswomen’sindependencetothedescriptionoffrustration.
MyAntoniawaswrittenin1918.Itpresentsthereadersaworldoftheparticular,thesimple,andthereal.IttellsthestoriesofseveralimmigrantfamilieswhomovetoruralNebraskatomakefortunesinAmerica.TheheroineinthisnoveliscalledAntonia,theoldestdaughterofaBohemianfamily.Thebook'snarrator,JimBurden,arrivesinBlackHawk,Nebraska,onthesametrainastheShimerdasonhiswaytovisithisgrandparentsafterhisparents’death.JimdevelopsstrongfeelingsforAntonia,somethingbetweenacrushandafilialbond,andthereadersviewAntonia’slife,includingherattendantstrugglesandtriumphs,throughthatpointofview.Inthisnovel,theconfident,persistentheroineAntonia,theboundlessNebraskacornfieldandthestruggleoftheimmigrantsinthefrontierallgreatlyimpressthereaders.
Untilnow,therearefewsystematiccriticalworksonMyAntoniafromtheecofeministangleinChina.Dr.SunHonginhispaper“TheEcologicalRealminMyAntonia”reexaminesMyAntoniafromtheEcologicalangle,payingattentiontotheenvironment,animalsandtherelationshipbetweennatureandtheprotagonists,butscarcelydiscussingmale-femalerelation;PengJiawriteshergraduatethesis“FromPerplexitytoIntegrity:
AnEcofeministLookintoWillaCather’sEarlyFictionalWritings”,analyzingWillaCather’searly-stagefictionwithecofeministtheory,butheranalysismainlyfocusesontheheroines.
Therefore,thereiscertainspacefortheauthorofthisthesistodiscussmale-femalerelationship,harmonioussocietybuilding.Thisthesisincludesthreemainparts.Thefirstchapterisaboutthetheoryofecofeminism,itsoriginanddevelopmentaswellasCather’sownecologicalconsciousness.Chaptertwoisthemostimportantpartofthisthesis.ItissomedetaileddescriptionaboutMyAntonia.Toputitmoreexact,it’saboutwomenandtheirrelationshipwithnature,theirsimilarityandtheiridenticaldestiny---slavestomen.Inchapterthree,theauthortriestofindoutsomesolutionsforharmonioussocietybuildingfromMyAntonia.
ChapterOneABriefSurveyoftheTheoryofEco-feminism
AccordingtoWikipedia,ecofeminismisasocialandpoliticalmovementwhichpointstotheexistenceofconsiderablecommongroundbetweenenvironmentalismandfeminism,withsomecurrentslinkingdeepecologyandfeminism.Themaintasksofecofeminismaretouncoverthepatternsofdominationcommontotheoppressionofwomenandnatureandexplorealternativesandnondualisticwaysofthinkingaboutbothhumanandnonhumannature.
1.1OriginandDevelopmentofEco-feminism
Feminismisapolitical,cultural,andeconomicmovementaimedatestablishingequalrightsandlegalprotectionforwomen.SimonedeBeauvoirwrotethat"thefirsttimeweseeawomantakeupherpenindefenseofhersex"[1]wasChristinedePizanwhowroteEpîtreauDieud'Amourinthe15thcentury.Itwasflourishedinhistoryandliteratureforcenturies.
Opinions,however,differonwhowasthefounderofmodernecologicaltheory.SomemarkHaeckel'sdefinitionasthebeginning,[2]otherssayitwasEugenWarmingwiththewritingofOecologyofPlants:
AnIntroductiontotheStudyofPlantCommunities(1895).[3]
Foraverylongtime,ecologyandfeminismdevelopedseparately,butwiththedevelopmentofecofeministcriticism,moreandmoreecofeministsclaimthatfeminismandecologyarethesamesubject,twoinseparablefieldsofstudy.JudithPlantexpressesthisclaimthatiscentretoecofeminism:
womenandnaturesufferthesameoppression,andtheliberationofnatureandwomenisasinglemovement.
Thetermecofeminismor“eco-feminism”wascoinedin1974bytheFrenchwriterFrancoised’EaubonneinherbookLeFeminismeoulaMort[FeminismorDeath],aspartofhercalltowomentosaveourownplanet.Inthisinnovativeworks,d’Eaubonnecallspublicattentiontowomen’spotentialforanecologicalrevolution.Shearguesthatthetwinoppressionsofwomenandnaturearecloselyconnectedandwomencannotbeliberatedwithouttheliberationofnature.Thisdirectlyuniteswomenwiththeenvironment.
Literatureonecofeministcriticismflourishedinthelate1970sand1980s,andecofeminismmadeitspresencefeltinliterarycriticismandstudiesinthe1990s.MaryDaly,SusanGriffin,YnestraKing,etc.makegreatcontributionstoecofeminismintermsofculture,spirituality,scienceandtechnology,ethics,andphilosophyintheirwritings,allofwhichbringaboutthetwindominationsofnatureandwomen.
YnestraKingisoneofthefirstwhohaveofferedanecofeministcourseinthecollege.Hepointsoutthatecofeminitsshouldrecognizethatfeminismandecologyrequireeachother.
Asmoreandmoreenvironmentalproblemsshowedout,ecofeminismwillgetmoreandmoreattentioninthelongrun.
1.2WillaCather’sEcologicalConsciousness
WillaCatherisawriterwhodevotesherselftothedescriptionoftheMidwestpioneeringlifeinAmericanliteraryhistory.Mostofherremarkableworks,inwhichthecharactersarecapableofharmoniouslycoexistencewithnature,aremoreorlessduetoherownlifeexperience.
CatherdidnotleavetheenclosedgreenworldofVirginia’sShenandoahValleyuntilnineyearsold.Duringthenineyears,shegotveryrichlifeexperienceswhichcontributedalotonherwaytoanaturelover.In1913,shesaidinanewspaperinterview:
Iwouldnotknowhowmuchachild’slifeisboundupinthewoods,hillsandmeadowsarounditifIhadnotbeenjerkedawayfromalltheseandthrownoutintoacountryasbareasapieceofsheetironand…thatremindedmeofsomething.[4]”
DuringCather’sstayinginNebraskaprairiefrom1883to1896,shegotvaluableinfluencefrompeoplearoundher:
herneighbor---theimmigrantfarmersfromScandinavia,France,Russia,Germany,andBohemiaetc.Catherparticularlylovedto
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