TPO29阅读文本.docx
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TPO29阅读文本.docx
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TPO-29
CharacteristicsofRomanPottery
ThepotteryofancientRomansisremarkableinseveralways.ThehighqualityofRomanpotteryisveryeasytoappreciatewhenhandlingactualpiecesoftablewareorindeedkitchenwareandamphorae(thelargejarsusedthroughouttheMediterraneanforthetransportandstorageofliquids,suchaswineandoil).However,itisimpossibletodojusticetoRomanwaresonthepage,evenwhenwordscanbebackedupbyphotographsanddrawings.MostRomanpotteryislightandsmoothtothetouchandverytough,although,likeallpottery,itshattersifdroppedonahardsurface.Itisgenerallmadewithcarefullyselectedandporifiedclay,workedtothin-walledandstandardizedshapesonafastwheelandfiredinakiln(potteryoven)capableofensuringaconsistentfinish.Withhandmadepottery,inevitablythereareslightdifferencesbetweenindividualvesselsofthesamedesighandoccasionalminorblemishe(flaws).ButwhatstrikestheeyeandthetouchmostimmediatelyandmostpowerfullywithRomanpotteryisitsconsistenthighquality.
Thisisnotjustanaestheticconsiderationbutalsoapracticalone.Thesevesselsaresolid(brittle,butnotfragile),theyarepleasantandeasytohandle(beinglightandsmooth),and,withtheirhardandsometimesglassy(smoothandshiny)surfaces,theyholdliquidswellandareeasytowash.Furthermore,theirregularandstandardizedshapeswouldhavemadethemsimpletostackandstore.WhenpeopletodayareshownaveryordinaryRomanpotand,inparticular,areallowedtohandleit,theyoftencommentonhowmodernitlooksandfeels,andtheyneedtobeconvincedofitstrueage.
AsimpressiveasthequalityofRomanpotteryisitssheermassivequantity.Whenconsideringquantities,wewouldideallyliketohavesomeestimatesforoverallproductionfromparticularsitesofpotterymanufactureandforoverallconsumptionatspecificsettlements.Unfortunately,itisinthenatureofthearchaeologicalevidence,whichisalmostinvariablyonlyasampleofwhatonceexisted,thatsuchfigureswillalwaysbeelusive.However,noonewhohaseverworkedinthefieldwouldquenstiontheabundanceofRomanpottery,particularlyintheMediterraneanregion.ThisabundanceisnotableinRomansettlements(especiallyurbansites)wherethelaborthatarchaeologistshavetoputintothewashingandsortingofpotsherds(fragmentsofpottery)constitutesahighproportionofthetotalworkduringtheinitialphasesofexcavation.
■Onlyrarelycanwederiveany“real”quantitiesfromdepositsofbrokenpots.■However,thereisoneexceptionaldump,whichdoesrepresentaverylargepartofthesite’stotalhistoryofconsumptionandforwhichanestimateofquantityhasbeenproduced.■OntheleftbankoftheTiberRiverinRome,byoneoftheriverportsoftheancientcity,isasubstantialhillsome50metershighcalledMonteTestaccio.■Itismadeupentirelyofbrokeoilamphorae,mainlyofthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.IthasbeenestimatedthatMonteTestaccilcontainstheremainsofsome53millionamphorae,inwhicharoud6,000millionlitersofoilwereimportedintothecityfromoverseas.ImportsintoimperialRomeweresupportedbythefullmightofthestateandwerethereforequiteexceptional—butthesizeoftheoperationsatMonteTestaccil,andtheproductivityandcomplexitythatlaybehindthem,nonethelesscannotfailtoimpress.Thiswasasocietywithsimilaritiestomodernones—movinggoodsonagiganticscale,manufacturinghigh-qualitycontainerstodoso,andoccasionally,ashere,evendiscardingthemondelivery.
Q1Paragraph1indicateswhichofthefollowingaboutRomanpottery?
A.RomanamphoraewereofmuchhigherqualityoverallthanotherRomanpottery.
B.Romanpotterycanbestbeappreciatedwhenactualpiecesarehandled.
C.Romanpotterydeclinedslightlyinqualitywhentheuseoffastwheelsandkilnswasintroduced.
D.RomanpracticaltablewarespreadmorerapidlyacrosstheMediterraneanthanamphoraedid.
Paragraph1ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q2Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph1ascharacteristicsofRomanpotteryEXCEPT:
A.Itwasusuallymadewithhigh-qualityclay.
B.Itgenerallydidnotweighmuch.
C.Itdidnotbreakaseasilyasotherancientpottery.
D.Itsometimeshadimperfections.
Paragraph1ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q3Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofRomanvessels?
A.Theyweregoodcontainersforliquids.
B.Theirshapesallowedforeasystackingandstoring.
C.Theysometimeshadshinysurfaces.
D.Theirtrueageisimmediatelyapparent.
Paragraph2ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q4Theauthormentionstheworkofarchaelogistsinparagraph3inorderto
A.SupporttheideathatpotterywasproducesinlargequantitiesbytheRomans
B.illustratehowharditisforarchaeologiststofinecompletepiecesofRomanpottery
C.contrastarchaeologicalsitesinRomanurbanareaswithothersitesintheMediterranean
D.explainwhythequantitiesofpotteryfoundvarysignificantlyfromonesitetoanother
Paragraph3ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q5Theword“substantial”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.protected
B.man-made
C.large
D.famous
Q6Accordingtoparagraph4,MonteTestaccilisparticularlyimportantforarchaeologistsbecausearchaeologistswereableto
A.concludehowamphoraemanufacturingincreasedrapidlyafterthesecondcenturyA..D.
B.findthelocationswheremostoftheamphoraeintheRomanEmpirewereproduced
C.obtainrelativelyacccuratecalculationsofthequantitiesofamphoraeusedovertimeinthatplace
D.discoverthattheRomanstatehadsupportedamphoraeproduction
Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q7Theword“entirely”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.apparently
B.completely
C.basically
D.mostly
Q8Paragraph4indicateswhichofthefollowingabouttheportontheTiberRivernearMonteTestaccil?
A.ItwasbuiltaroundthethirdcenturyA.D.
B.Itwasclosetoareaswherelargequantitiesofoilwereproduced.
C.Itwasinuseonlyforaveryshortperiodoftime.
D.Ithadanimpressivelevelofcommercialactivity.
Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q9Thestatementinparagraph4thatamphoraedeliveredtotheportnearMonteTestaccilwereoccasionallydiscardedsupportswhichofthefollowing?
A.Tradersattheportwereoftencareless.
B.Thequalityoftheamphoraeusedattheportwasnotverygood.
C.Thescaleofthetrademadeitpossibletowastequalityamphoraesometimes.
D.Theimportingofoilfromoverseasgraduallydeclined,reducingtheneedforpottery.
Paragraph4ismarkedwithanarrow>
Q10Thestatementthatmaps“showthevariousspotswhereRomanpotteryofaparticulartypehasbeenfoundtellonlypartofthestory”makesthepointthat
A.Mapsindicatewherespecificpotterystyleshavebeenfound,buttheydonotindicatewherethesestylesoriginated
B.MapsshowthegeographicalspreadofRomanpotterybutnotthepeoplewhohadaccesstoit
C.MapsdonotusuallyincludepotterystylesfoundintheremotestregionsoftheRomanEmpire
D.ArchaeologistsstudyingRomanpotteryneedtousearangeoftechniquesintheirinvestigations
Q11Theword“humble”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.rural
B.distant
C.ancient
D.modest
Q12Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.specific
B.common
C.ancient
D.superior
Q13Lookatthefoursquares【■】thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thatisbecauseresidentsofacitydidnotusuallyusedpotteryatthesamesiteoveralongperiodoftime.
Q14Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
ThepotteryoftheancientRomanEmpireisremarkable.
A.Romanpotteryisconsideredtobepracticalandofconsistentlyhighquality.
B.PeoplearenotfamiliarwiththewholerangeofpotterytheRomanscreatedbecausemostoftheavailablepiecesrepresentonlyalimitednumberofstylesandshapes.
C.EventhoughtheexactquantityofpotteryprocucedbytheRomansisalmostimpossibletocalculate,itiscertainthatitwasproducedinlargequantities.
D.ArchaeologistslookingfortheremainsofRomanpotteryconcentrateonurbansitesbecausethatiswheretheoldestpiecesofkitchenwareandamphoraehavebeenfound.
E.Romanpotterywastransportedoverlongdistandes,anddifferentlevelsofsocietyhadaccesstoqualitypottery.
F.ItisstilluncleartoarchaeologistswhattheroleoftheRomanstateinthecommercialsuccessofRomanpotterywas.
CharacteristicsofRomanPottery
陶器的祖先罗马人在很多方面都有非凡的成就。
当你真正触摸到那时的餐具,厨房用具或是两耳细颈酒罐(在地中海区域用于运输和储存液体的大罐子,像是酒和油)的时候,就很容易能够欣赏到它的高质量了。
但是,看起来罗马器具几乎是不可能再现在纸上的,即使照片和绘画能带回那些语言。
大部分罗马的陶器是很轻的,并且摸起来非常光滑,坚硬,即使像所有的陶器一样,如果掉在硬面上就会摔碎。
一般这种陶器是由精心挑选和纯化泥土制成,在快速转轮上形成有薄壁和标准化的形状并且在窑(陶器烤炉)中烧制到能够保持永久不变的形状。
手工制作的陶器,不可避免同样设计的容器间有一些个体差异,偶尔会出现小缺陷。
但是,最吸引人眼球,立即能让人感受到的,罗马陶器最有力量的,就是持续的高质量。
这不光是作为审美考虑,也与实用性有关。
这些容器都是实心的(易碎,但不脆弱),它们舒适并且易于拿握(轻并且光滑),除此之外,由于它们坚硬有时光亮透明的表面,他们的很好的承载了液体,并且容易清洗。
此外,他们有规律和标准化的形状使得他们易于堆放。
当现在的人向人展示一个常见的罗马瓶的时候,尤其是,可以又把手拿起的,他们经常评论说这个瓶子看起来感觉起来是多么现代,他们需要去被告知说服它的真实年龄。
罗马陶器与质量一样出众的另一特点就是其巨大的数量。
当提到数量时,我们习惯于理想化的去估计一个特定生产点的生产总数,和某一个居住地区的总消费数量。
不幸的是,考古学证据的自然特性决定了每一个样本都是不同的,因此这样的数据图形是难以捉摸的。
但是,没有在这个领域工作的人会质疑罗马陶器的繁盛,特别是在地中海地区。
这种繁盛在罗马居住区是显著的,尤其是在城市地区,在这些地方,考古人员必须将陶瓷碎片进行清洗和分类,这些工作在挖掘初期的工作中占据了很大的比重。
我们只能从少量的陶器废墟中去推算“真实的”数量。
但是,有一个废墟是个例外,它代表了大部分遗址的历史消耗量,通过消耗量就可以建立起生产数据。
在罗马Tiber河的左岸,在一个古老城市的河港口旁边,
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