信贷政策对尼日利亚商业银行绩效的影响外文文献翻译.docx
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信贷政策对尼日利亚商业银行绩效的影响外文文献翻译.docx
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信贷政策对尼日利亚商业银行绩效的影响外文文献翻译
出处:
AlabiRO.TheImpactofCreditPolicyonthePerformanceofNigerianCommercialBanks[J].InternationalFinanceandBanking,2014,
(2):
40-56.
原文
TheImpactofCreditPolicyonthePerformanceofNigerianCommercialBanks
AlabiRO
Abstract
Themajorfinancialintermediaryinanyeconomyisthebank.Asfinancialintermediaries,banksprovidemeansbywhichfundscanbetransferredfromthesurplusunitoftheeconomytothedeficitunit.Thisroleisperformedprimarilythroughtheacceptanceofdepositsofdifferentcategoriesandcharacteristicsforonwardlendingtothenumerouscustomersbywayofloansandcredits.ThestudytriestoaccesstheimpactofcreditpolicyontheperformanceofNigerianCommercialBanksusingZenithBankPlcascasestudy.Primarydatawerecollectedthroughquestionnairesservedonsixty(60)respondents(staff:
32andcustomer:
28)ofthebank.Thequestionnaireswereanalysedwiththeuseofchi-square(X2).Thefindingsfromthestudyshowthathavingagoodcreditpolicyinplacegoesalongwayinminimizingtheincidenceofbaddebts.Itwasalsodiscoveredthatprudentcreditassessmentanddisbursement,dynamiccreditmonitoringanddecisiveactionswhentherearewarningsignals,haveallhelpedthebanktomaintainahighqualityofassetsandahighlevelofprofitability.
Keywords:
Advance,Overdraft,Creditpolicy,Collateral
1.Introduction
Theeconomicdevelopmentofanycountrydependslargelyontheamountofinvestiblefundsavailabletoherandtheefficiencyofherfinancialintermediariestomobilizesuchfundsfromsaverswhohavenoimmediateuseofitanddistributetoinvestorswhoneedfundsforproductivepurposes.Oneofthemajorintermediariessaddledwiththistaskisthebank(Ojoet.al,1982).
Bankingasaserviceindustryisorganizedtomakeprofitfortheowners,(theshareholders),throughtheprovisionofbankingservicesandsupplyoffinancialneedsofindividualandcorporatebodies.Asfinancialintermediaries,banksprovidemeansbywhichfundscanbetransferredfromthesurplusunitoftheeconomytothedeficitunit.Thisroleisperformedprimarilythroughtheacceptanceofdepositsofdifferentcategoriesandcharacteristicsforonwardlendingtothenumerouscustomersbywayofloanandadvances.Theyseektomakethemselvesasattractiveasdebtorsandasefficientascreditorsthattheyearnasubstantialgrossincomefromthedifferencebetweentheinteresttheychargeascreditorsandtheinteresttheypayasdebtors.
Inpracticalterm,theessenceoflendingdemandsthat,thelendertemporarilypartswiththepossessionandtheuseofwhatislentwhilstretainingthelegalownershipofit,andduetime,expectstheresumptionofthepossessorandutilityonthepropertylentout.Hencecommercialbanksmanagedepositors’fundswiththehopeofachievingthemajorobjectivesofliquidity,safetyandprofitability.Achievingthisobjective,whilstcreatingcreditsinvolvesalotofrisks,sincetheborrowersmaynotpaybackasexpected.Thiscouldleadtoeventualliquiditycrunchonthelendingbankandtherefore,lossofconfidenceinitbydepositors(Adekanye2010).
HappeningsintheNigerianbankingindustrypointtothefactthattheeraofdistressmaynotbeoveryet.TheintroductionofUniversalBankinghasbroughtalongwithitanewdimensiontocreditriskexposureduetoenlargedscopeofportfolio,whichcouldspelldoomnotonlyforthefinancialconglomerateinparticularbutforthewholefinancialindustryandthenationaleconomyasawhole.CoupledwiththisaretheincessantcontraventionsofCBNguidelinesbycommercialbank,highcostofinterbankrateandtherecentglobalfinancialcrisesamongothers.
Toguideagainstnegativeconsequencesthatmayariseasaresultoftheabove,banksneedtomapoutclearpoliciesandguidelinesforefficientandeffectivecreditoperations.Hence,thestudytriestoassesscreditpoliciesandmanagementputinplacebyNigerianbankstoseehowadequatetheyareincopingwiththeemergingthreatsintheNigerianbankingindustryandproffersolutionsinordertoforestallanotherroundofdistressinthebankingindustry.
2.TheoreticalFramework
2.1TheConceptofBankLendingandCredit
Lendingcanbedefinedasthecreationandmanagementofriskassets.AccordingtoAgene(1995),lendingisdefinedasaprocessofanalyzingcreditorloan.Itisconsideredasanimportanttaskofbankmanagementbecauseitentailstakingfinancialriskwhichcouldleadtodifficultyonthepartofthecustomer(borrower)intherepaymentofboththecapitalandinterest.
AccordingtoOsayameh(1986),theprincipallendingobjectiveofabankistoprovidegrowth,profitabilityandliquidity.Thetermlendingcoversloansandadvances.Lendingfunctionrepresentsasignificantsourceofincomesincethemajorconsiderationofthelenderistherecoveryofboththecapitalandinterest.Itisoneofthemosttraditionalelementsintherelationshipbetweenabankanditsnumerouscustomers(Adekanye,2010).
2.2FormsofCredit
Creditcanbeclassifiedintothefollowingforms:
i.Overdraft–Anoverdraftisanopenendedcreditfacilitywhichisrepeatedlyuseduntilthebalanceontheaccountreachesacertainpre-arrangedborrowinglimit.Theoretically,itispayableondemandbutinpractice,itmayrunfromyeartoyearwithoutbeingcalledin.itisusedmainlytofinanceworkingcapitalrequirementofrawmaterials,paymentofpressingcurrentliabilitieslikesalaries,creditorsandtaxes.
AccordingtoOnanuga(1998)overdraftcanbeissuedtoovercomedifficultperiodslikepaymentofschoolfees,medicalbills,expensesduringfestivalsetc.Itiscreatedbyallowingtheaccountholdertowithdrawacertainamountinexcessoftheamountstandingtothecreditofhisaccount.Itisshortterminnature,non-specificandnormallymadeavailabletomeetgeneraltradingrequirements.
ii.Advances–Nwanko(1987)definedadvancesasanyfacilityapartfromoverdraftsandloans,grantedtoacustomerforashortperiodoftimebymeansofwhichthecustomerobtainscashorcreditinadvanceofcollectionbythebankofrelativecounterpartfundsfromanotherbank’sthirdparty.Itisashorttermcreditextensionwhichisgrantedforadefiniteperiodusually30and180days.Advancesareusuallygrantedforaspecificpurpose,forexample,paymentofvariouscollections,refinancingofmaturingloans,projectbridgingfinance,refinancingoflettersofcreditforprojectequipmentimportedetc.Theexactmaturitydateofanadvanceisnormallydeterminedattheonsetandthismakesitpossiblefortheprojecttohavealowerinterestchargeontheadvanceduetothereducedrisk.
iii.Loan–AccordingtoAgene(1995),aloanisregardedasafinancialassistancerenderedbyabanktoitscustomersinmonetarytermandrepayableoveraspecificperiodoftimewithinterestelement.Unlikeoverdraftfacilitywhichisashorttermcredit,loanmaybemediumorlongtermforthefinanceoffixedassetsacquisition.
Loansandadvancesareimportantsourcesofbankrevenueasityieldsthebulkofthebank’srevenue.TheyconstitutethehighestpercentageofthetotalassetsofabankascanbeseenbelowfromanextractofZenithBank’sfinancialstatement.
2.3LoanManagementTechniques
Lendingorcreditcreationseektomaximizeprofitableobjectiveofbank,thishowever,hasanimperativeforliquidityandsolvencyobjective.Theresolutionoftheseissueshasbeenagreatsourceofconcernovertheyearandhasledtothedevelopmentofvariousmethodofmeetingtheobjective.
Someofthemethodsare:
therealbilldoctrine,theshiftabilitytheory,theanticipatedincometheoryandtheliabilitymanagementtheory
(1)Therealbilldoctrine–Thisisalsoknownasthecommercialbilltheory.itwasenunciatedbyADAMSMITHanditpostulatesthatifabankanrestrictitsassetstorealbillofexchange,itwilllimitthequantityofbankliabilitycausedbyvaluingthequantityofbankfundaccordingtotheneedsofbusiness.Thismeanthatthebankassetswillbeofsuchnaturethatcanbeturnedintocashonshortnoticesandthusplacethebankinapositiontomeetunexpectedcallforcash.
(2)Theshiftabilitydoctrine-thisisanextensionofthebilldoctrineitwasdevelopedduringthe19205and1930s.duetothevarietyofbankssecuritiessuitableassecondaryreserveasset,thebankfeltthatthatwiththeavailabilityofshiftableopenmarketfinancialassets,therealbilltheorywillnolongerrestrictthemtoshorttermlendingonly(Adewumi,1984)tomeetcustomerdepositwithdrawalstheshiftabilitytheoryofassetmanagementadvocatesecuritybankholdingofmarketabilitysecuritiessothatrigiditycouldbemetbyshiftingorsellingthesecuritieshelptomotherbuyer.Thetheorypresupposeswelldevelopedsecondarysecuritiesmarket.
(3)Anticipatedincometheory–thisparotidthattheliquidationoftermloanisnotbysaleofassetoftheborrowertheliquidationoftermloanisnotbysaleofassetsoftheborrower.Theliquidationoftermloamisnotbysaleofassetoftheborrowersasinthebilldoctrine,neitherisitbyshiftingofthetermloantosomeotherlenderasintheshiftingabilityoftheoryofliquidationrather,itisthroughtheanticipatedincomeoftheborrower.Theemphasisofthistheoryistheabilityoftheloansograntedtogenerateenoughcashflowfortheliquidationofthefacility.
(4)Liabilitymanagementtheory–withtheemergenceofcommercialdepositsin1961,anewapproachtotheliquidationproblemofloanmanagementdeveloped.Commercialdepositisanalternativemeansofraisingdeposittomeetcustomerdepositwithdrawalsthis,itispossib
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- 信贷政策 尼日利亚 商业银行 绩效 影响 外文 文献 翻译
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