Unit 4 上课材料.docx
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Unit 4 上课材料.docx
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Unit4上课材料
UnitFourEnvironment
Part1:
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagesandtrytoknowmoreaboutthetopicsconcerned.
Passage1
CarbonFootprint
Acarbonfootprinthashistoricallybeendefinedas"thetotalsetofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionscausedbyanorganization,event,productorperson."Thenanewdefinitionissuggestedas"Ameasureofthetotalamountofcarbondioxide(CO2)andmethane(CH4)emissionsofadefinedpopulation,systemoractivity,consideringallrelevantsources,sinksandstoragewithinthespatialandtemporalboundaryofthepopulation,systemoractivityofinterest.Calculatedascarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e)usingtherelevant100-yearglobalwarmingpotential(GWP100)."
Greenhousegasescanbeemittedthroughtransport,landclearance,andtheproductionandconsumptionoffood,fuels,manufacturedgoods,materials,wood,roads,buildings,andservices.Forsimplicityofreporting,itisoftenexpressedintermsoftheamountofcarbondioxide,oritsequivalentofotherGHGs,emitted.MostofthecarbonfootprintemissionsfortheaverageU.S.householdcomefrom"indirect"sources,i.e.fuelburnedtoproducegoodsfarawayfromthefinalconsumer.Thesearedistinguishedfromemissionswhichcomefromburningfueldirectlyinone'scarorstove,commonlyreferredtoas"direct"sourcesoftheconsumer'scarbonfootprint.
Anindividual's,nation's,ororganization'scarbonfootprintcanbemeasuredbyundertakingaGHGemissionsassessmentorothercalculativeactivitiesdenotedascarbonaccounting.Oncethesizeofacarbonfootprintisknown,astrategycanbedevisedtoreduceit,e.g.bytechnologicaldevelopments,betterprocessandproductmanagement,changedGreenPublicorPrivateProcurement(GPP),carboncapture,consumptionstrategies,andothers.Severalfreeonlinecarbonfootprintcalculatorsexist,withatleastonesupportedbypubliclyavailablepeer-revieweddataandcalculationsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley'sCoolClimateNetworkresearchconsortium.
(FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia)
Passage2
Therapidriseinthenumberofenvironmentalprotestspointstotwoconflictingtendencies:
citizens'awakeningenvironmentalawarenessandsomelocalauthorities'obsessionwitheconomicgrowth,evenifitcomesatthecostoftheenvironment.
ThestatisticsreleasedbyanenvironmentalexpertatalecturehostedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressonFridayshowthatthenumberofproteststriggeredbyenvironmentalconcernshasbeenincreasingby29percentannuallysincethelate1990s.ThelatestonewasinNingbo,EastChina'sZhejiangprovince,wherepeopleprotestedagainsttheproposedexpansionofapetrochemicalplantlatelastweek.
Giventhecentralauthorities'repeatedemphasisonchangingthecountry'sdevelopmentmodeandthesustainabilityofthecountry'seconomicgrowth,aswellascitizens'strongreservationsaboutenvironmentallyriskyindustrialprojects,localgovernmentsneedtochangetheirmentalityaboutgrowth.
Toomanylocalgovernmentsarestillpreoccupiedwithgrossdomesticproduct,theconcernresidentshavedemonstratedaboutthedownsidesofthispreoccupationshouldserveasareminderthatthequalityofgrowthismoreimportantthanquantity.
Theconflictsthathavearisenbetweenresidentsandlocalgovernments,someofwhichhaveevendevelopedintoriots,showthatsomelocalleadersstillneedtoacquaintthemselveswiththenotionthatresidents'righttoahealthyenvironmentmustbeadequatelyrespected.
Onceresidentstaketothestreetsorresorttootherextremeactionsinordertomaketheirvoicesheard,localleadersshouldfirstreflectonhowtheyhavefailedthem,insteadofaccusingthecitizensofdamagingsocialstability.
LeadersofShifang,SouthwestChina'sSichuanprovince,recalledthattheriotinJulycouldhavebeenavoidedhadthelocalgovernmentmademoretransparenttheentireprocessfortheplanningofthecopperplantandhadmorecommunicationwithresidents.
Topreventsuchincidents,governmentsatalllevelsneedtoincreasetheirgoverningtransparencyandshowproperconcernforpeople'sinterestswhendrawinguptheirdevelopmentplans.
Bydoingthistheywillbeabletoplaytheirpartinthenecessarytransformationoftheeconomicgrowthmode.
(FromChinaDaily10/29/2012page8)
Passage3
ACalltoAction
Tocontinueordieout?
That'sthequestionfacingtheKyotoProtocol,whichsetsbindingemissionreductiontargetsfordevelopedcountries,asthefirstphaseoftheprotocolwillcometoanendonDecember31.Thefateofthe15-year-oldKyotoProtocolwillbedecidedbyparticipatinggovernmentsattheongoingUNClimateChangeConferenceinDoha,Qatar.
TheDohaconferenceshouldprioritizetheimplementationofpreviousconsensus,whichincludescompletingnegotiationsonthe2007BaliActionPlan,adoptingandimplementingalegallybindingsecondcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocolandofferingsupporttodevelopingcountriesintermsoffunding,technologytransferandcapacitybuilding,saidXieZhenhua,ViceChairmanoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChina,ataconferenceunveilingadocumenttitledChina'sPoliciesandActionsforAddressingClimateChange2012inBeijingonNovember21.
Thornyproblems
ThesecondcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocolappearedtohavebeensettledattheDurbanconferencelastyear,butissuesrelatedtoitsimplementationwillbeheatedlydiscussedattheDohaconference,saidSuWei,China'schiefclimatechangenegotiator,inaDohamediabriefing.
AccordingtoaUNpressrelease,keyissuesundertheKyotoProtocolthatmustbedecidedinclude:
thelengthofthesecondcommitmentperiodandhowtoconverttargetsintoso-called"quantifiedemissionlimitationandreductionobjectives"—theunitsofbindingreductioncommitments,aswellashowtocarryoverunusedemissioncreditsofeconomiesintransitionintothesecondphaseoftheprotocol.
Itwillbeverydifficulttosetamechanismaimingtoraiseemissionreductiontargetsfordevelopedcountriesinthenextfewyears,Susaid.
AttheDohaconference,governmentsalsoneedtodecidewhichelementsoftheBaliActionPlanhavebeenachieved,whatadditionaldecisionscanbetakenandwhichelementsmayneedtobefurtheraddressed.
Unresolvedissuesincludehowtoapplytheprincipleof"commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities,"howtomanageintellectualpropertyrightsinthetransferoftechnology,andhowtoavoidsettingtradebarriersinthenameofcopingwithclimatechange,saidSu.
NegotiationsontheDurbanPlatformwillsparkafiercedebate.LastyearinDurban,governmentsdecidedtoreachauniversalclimatechangeagreementcoveringallcountriesfrom2020,tobeadoptedby2015.ThiswasacompromisecomingoutoftheextendedhoursofdebateattheDurbanconference.
SomecountrieshavemovedawayfromtheBaliActionPlannegotiationsandswitchedtheirfocustotheDurbanPlatform,whichstartedthisyear,accordingtotheClimateChangeGreenPaper2012releasedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesonNovember21.
ConsensusonsomebasicconceptsandprinciplesoftheDurbanPlatformshouldbereachedattheDohaconference,Susaid.
Ifdevelopedcountriestrytomaketheplatformabrand-newtableforclimatetalksinwhichtheprincipleof"commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities"isvoid,thosemoveswillgoagainsttheconsensusreachedattheDurbanconference,hesaid.
Fundingconcernswillpresentanotherproblem.AccordingtotheCopenhagenAccordin2009,developedcountriesshouldraiseUS$30billionfrom2010to2012asfast-startfinance."Thefast-startfinancewillbeduebytheendof2012,and2013isstillunfunded,"saidSu.
Highexpectations
Therelentlessamountofcarbonemissionsreleasedbydevelopedcountriesintheirindustrializationprocessoverthepast200yearshaveraisedthedensityofgreenhousegases,whichisthemaincauseofclimatechange.Thus,theyshouldshouldermajorresponsibilities,Susaid.
"Whilesustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradicationremainurgentchallengesandoverridingprioritiesinourdevelopingcountries,wearealreadytakingambitiousactionstoreduceemissions,"saidSuwhendeliveringtheStatementbyChinaonbehalfofBrazil,India,SouthAfricaandChinaattheopeningplenaryoftheCOP18."Asaffirmedbymanyacademicreportsofhighlyreputedinternationalorganizations,ourmitigationcontributionismuchgreaterthanthatbydevelopedcountryparties."
"Developingcountriescontinuetodotheirpartthroughallmeansavailabletothem,butmorecouldbedonethroughthefacilitationofappropriatetechnology,capacitybuildingandfinancing,"saidthestatementbyVenezuelaonbehalfoftheBolivarianAllianceforthePeoplesofOurAmerica."Developedcountrieshavetobemoreambitious,notless."
IfagroupofAnnexIPartiestotheUNFCCC(mostlydevelopedcountries)canleadwithalevelofambitionthatisconsistentwithwhatthebestavailablesciencerequires,thiswillinspireotherstodothesame,accordingtothestatementdeliveredbyNauruonbehalfoftheAllianceofSmallIslandStates.
TheAfricanGroupsaidinitsstatementthatitwouldliketohaveadecisiononhowtohandlefinanceintheperiodbetween2012and2020.
Initsstatementonbehalfoftheleastdevelopedcountries,GambiaalsohopesthatadecisioncanbemadeinDohatoannuallyscaleupdevelopedcountries'publicfinancecontributionsfromUS$30billiontoaminimumofUS$100billionperyearfrom2013to2020.
Althoughthelingeringdebtcrisishasaffectedfinancialsupportfromdevelopedcountries,"thekeyissuelieswithth
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