语法.docx
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语法.docx
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语法
基础英语课外资料(背诵材料)Youth
Youthisnotatimeoflife,itisastateofmind,itisnotamatterofrosycheeks,redlipsandsuppleknees.Itisamatterofthewill,aqualityofimagination,avigoroftheemotions,itisthefreshnessofthedeepspringoflife.
Youthmeansthetemperamentalpredominanceofcourageovertimidity,oftheappetiteforadventureovertheloveofease.Thisoftenexistsinamanof60,morethanaboyof20.
Nobodygrowsmerelybythenumberofyears;wegrowoldbydesertingourideas.
Yearsmaywrinkletheskin,buttogiveupenthusiasmwrinklethesoul.Worry,fear,self-distrustbowstheheartandturnsthespiritbacktodust.
Weather60or16,thereisineveryhumanbeingheartthelureofwonders,theunfailingchildlikeappetiteofwhat’snextandthejoyofthegameofliving.Inthecenterofyourheartandmyheartthereisawirelessstation:
solongasitreceivemessageofbeauty,hope,cheer,courageandpowerfrommenandfromInfinite,solongasyouareyoung.
Whentheaerialsaredown,andyourspiritiscoveredwiththesnowsofcynicismandtheiceofpessimism,thenyou’vegrownold,evenat20,butaslongasyouraerialsareup,tocatchwavesofoptimism,there’shopeyoumaydieyoungat80.
朗诵材料
Myluve’sLikea____________________
(RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯)(1759-1796)
O,myluve’slikea_____________,
That’snewlysprunginJune:
O,myluve’slikethe_____,
That’ssweetlyplayedintune.
Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,
Sodeepin______amI:
AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,
Tilla’theseasgang_____.
Tilla’theseasgang_____,mydear,
Andtherocksmeltwi’the_____:
Iwillluvethee,mydear,
Whilethe______o’lifeshallrun.
Andfaretheeweel,myonlyluve,
Andfaretheeweelawhile!
AndIwillcomeagain,myluve,
Tho’sitweretenthousandmile.
语法
(1)
英语常用语法术语术语表
1.Morphology词法
Syntax句法
NotionalWords实意词
FormWords虚词
PartofSpeech词类
TheNoun名词
ThePronoun代词
TheNumeral数词
TheAdjective形容词
TheVerb动词
TheAdverb副词
TheArticle冠词
TheProposition介词
TheConjunction连词
Theinterjection感叹词
Determiner限定词
TheParticle小品词
WordBuilding构词法
Conversion转化
Derivation派生词
Compounding合成
Prefix前缀
Suffix后缀
Compoundwords合成词
2.classificationofNouns
CommonNoun普通名词
ProperNouns特殊名词
IndividualNouns个体名词
CollectiveNoun集体名词
MaterialNoun物质名词
AbstractNouns抽象名词
CountableNoun可数名词
UncountableNoun不可数名词
ThesingularForm单数形式
ThePluralForm复数形式
TheCommonCase普通格
ThePossessiveCase所有格
TheDefiniteArticle定冠词
TheIndefiniteArticle不定冠词
3.Pronouns代词
PersonalPronouns人称代词
PossessivePronouns物主代词
SelfPronouns反身代词
DemonstrativePronouns指示代词
InterrogativePronouns疑问代词
ConjunctivePronoun连接代词
RelativePronoun关系代词
ReciprocalPronouns相互代词
IndefinitePronouns不定代词
TheAbsoluteFormsofPossessivePronouns物主代词的绝对形式
TheSubjectCase主格
TheObjectiveCase宾格
CardinalNumerals基数词
OrdinalNumerals序数词
FractionalNumerals分数词
DegreesofComparison
TheComparativeDegree
TheSuperlativeDegree
Notionalverb
Link-verbs系动词
Auxiliaryverbs助动词
ModalVerbs情态动词
TransitiveVerbs及物动词
IntransitiveVerbs不及物动词
RegularVerbs规则动词
IrregularVerbs不规则动词
PhrasalVerbs动词短语
DistranstiveVerbs双宾动词
DefectiveVerbs无变化动词
InstantaneousVerbs短暂动词
ErgativeVerbs兼作及物与不及物动词
TheFiniteFormsofVerb动词的限定形式
Person人称
Number数
Tense时态
Voice语态
Mood语气
TheNon-finiteFormsoftheVerb动词的非限定性形式
TheParticle分词
ThePresentParticle现在分词
ThePastParticiple过去分词
TheInfinitive不定式
BareInfinitive光秃不定式
TheGerund动名词
TheVerbalNoun名词化的动名词
4.tense
ThePresentIndefinite一般现在时
ThePastIndefinite一般过去式
TheFutureIndefinite一般将来时
ThePastFutureIndefinite一般过去将来时
ThePresentContinuous现在进行时
TheFutureContinuous过去将来时
ThePastFutureContinuous过去将来进行时
ThePresentPerfect现在完成时
ThePastPerfect过去完成时
TheFuturePerfect将来完成时
ThePastFuturePerfect过去将来完成时
ThePresentPerfectContinuous现在完成进行时
ThepastPerfectContinuous过去完成进行时
TheFuturePerfectContinuous将来完成进行时
ThePastFuturePerfectContinuous过去将来完成进行时
TheSequenceofTenses动词的呼应
5.ThePassiveVoice被动语态
TheActiveVoice主动语态
TheIndicativeMood陈述语态
TheImperativeMood祈使语态
TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语态
SentenceofRealCondition真实条件句
SentenceofUnrealCondition虚拟条件句
ConditionalSentencesofMixedtime错综复杂时间条件句
SentenceofImpliedCondition含蓄条件句
6.AdverbialofTime时间副词
AdverbialofPlace地点副词
AdverbialofManner方式副词
AdverbialofDegree程度副词
AdverbialofFrequency频度副词
RelativeAdverbs关系副词
Conjunctiveadverb连接副词
InterrogativeAdverb疑问副词
CoordinatingConjunctions并列连词
SubordinatingConjunctions从属连词
7.TheSentence
MembersoftheSentences句子的成分
TheSubject主语
ThePreparatorySubject先行主语
ThePredicate谓语
ThePredictive表语
TheObject宾语
TheAttribute定语
TheAdverbial状语
TheAppositive同位语
IndependentElement独立成分
DeclarativeSentences陈述句
ImperativeSentences祈使句
ExclamatorySentences感叹句
InterrogativeSentences疑问句
GeneralQuestions一般疑问句
SpecialQuestions特殊疑问句
AlternativeQuestions选择疑问句
DisjunctiveQuestions反意疑问句
Simplesentences简单句
CompoundSentences并列句
ComplextSentence复合句
CompoundComplextSentence并列复合句
CleftSentence分裂句
EllipticalSentence省略句
Existentialsentence存在句
8.TheSimplePredicate简单谓语
TheCompoundPredicate复合谓语
TheDirectObject直接宾语
TheIndirectObject间接宾语
TheComplexObject复合宾语
TheCognateObject同源宾语
DirectAddress呼语
Parenthesis插入语
DirectSpeech直接引语
IndirectSpeech间接引语
AbsoluteConstructions独立结构
9.Phrases短语
PrepositionalPhrases介词短语
InfinitivePhrases不定式短语
VerbalPhrases动词短语
Clause分句
MainClause主句
SubordinateClause从句
SubjectClause主语从句
ObjectiveClause宾语从句
PredicativeClause表语从句
AttributiveClause定语从句
AppositiveClause同位语从句
AdverbialClause状语从句
AdverbialClauseofTime时间状语从句
AdverbialClauseofPlace地点状语从句
AdverbialClauseofClause原因状语从句
AdverbialClauseofCondition条件状语从句
AdverbialClauseofDegree程度状语从句
AdverbialClauseofConcession让步状语从句
AdverbialClauseofPurpose目的状语从句
AdverbialClauseofComparison比较状语从句
AdverbialClauseofManners方式状语从句
DefiningAttributiveClauses限定性定语从句
Non-definingAttributiveClause非限定性定语从句
LimitingAttributes限制性定语
DescriptiveAttributes描绘性定语
10.NaturalWord-order自然语序
InvertedWord-order倒装语序
Inversion倒装
FullInversion完全倒装
PartialInversion部分倒装
Ellipsis省略
TransformationofSentence句型转换
AnalysisofSentence句子分析
11.Punctuation标点符号
Period句号
QuestionMark问号
ExclamationMark感叹号
Comma逗号
Semicolon分号
Colon冒号
Dash破折号
Hyphen连字号
Brackets括号
QuotationMark引号
Apostrophe撇号
12.Gender词性
Masculine阳性
Feminine阴性
Neuter中性
14.Agreement
subject-predicateagreement主谓一致
grammaticalagreement语法一致
principleofproximity就近原则
语法
(2)
(1)英语基本句型
1:
S+v
Everybodysmiled.
Thesunisrising.
Sheswimslikeafish
2.s+v+o
WilhelmRoentgendiscoveredXrays.
Sheisalwaysmakingafuss.
Ican’texpressmyselfinEnglish.
3.s+v+O+o
Theyawardedheraspecialscholarship.
Canyouplaymesomelightmusic?
4.s+linkingv+p
Thatgirlismyfiancée.
Thedishsmellsgood.
Theseabecamecalm.Jenniekeptsilent.
Hefelttroubledanddistressed.
Sheisconsciousofhershortcomings.
IamkeentovisitChina.
Hisaimistomodernizetheiragriculture.
Hisonlyfaultisthathelacksambition.
Hewasdelightedthatweweresuccessfulinourexperiment.
5.s+v+o+c
PeoplefoundLordWilliamscharming,politeandconsiderate.
Themusicdrivesmecrazy.
Hefounditdifficulttosatisfytheirneeds.
TheycalledtheirdaughterMary.
Wefoundherinhighspirits.
Iwishyoutobehappy.
(2)句子结构
SimpleSentence简单句
Shealwaysforgivesherhusband’sirresponsibility.
Sheunderstandsherhusband’sweaknessandforgiveshisirresponsibility
Toknoweverythingistoknownothing
CompoundSentence并列句
coordinatingconjuncture:
and,but,while,nevertheless
Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.
Honeyissweet,____thebeestings.(but,yet,however,nevertheless)
Theelderbrotherisreservedboyandheisshytotalktogirls.
ComplexSentence复合句
mainsentence+subordinatingconjuncture+subordinatesentence
CompoundComplexSentence并列复合句
Ihaveforgiventheallthewrongdoingsthatyouhavecommittedwhileyoucannottolerateasmallmistake.
复合句的种类
AdverbialClouse状语丛句
(1)时间状语丛句AdverbialofTime
Whenhegotup,hefeltdizzy.
Wemuststrikewhiletheironishot.
Asshesangtearsrandownhercheeks.
Lookbeforeyouleap.
Youcanborrowmycarwheneveryouwant.
(2)条件状语从句AdverbialClauseofCondition
Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?
Ifitisconvenient,IwillcometoseenextTuesday.
Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.
Supposeyoulostyourjob,whatwouldyoudotomakealiving?
Sheagreedtomarryhimprovidedthathisparentswon’tlivewiththemtogether.
YouwillalwayshaveahomeaslongasIhaveanything.
Iwillstandbyyouevenifyoufail.
(3)目的状语丛句AdverbialClauseofPurpose
Thecoupleborrowedmoneyfromthebridegroom’sbrotherinorderthattheywouldspendthehoneymoon.Igavehimamapsohewon’tgetlost.
Hewassoyoungthatyoumustexcusehim.
Sheissuchabeautifulwomanthateverymanfanciesher.
(4)原因状语丛句AdverbialClauseofCause
Becauseitisraining,thesportmeetingisputoff.
Asyouaresorry,Iwillforgiveyou.
Sinceyoucan’tanswermyquestion,Iwillhavetoasksomeoneelse.
(5)让步状语丛句AdverbialClauseofConcession
Althougheveryoneplayedwell,welostthegame.
Thoughplain,thegirlhadakindface.
(6)方式状语丛句AdverbialClauseofManner
WhenatRoman,doasRomansdo.
(7)主
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