土地流转外文文献中英文对照.docx

土地流转外文文献中英文对照.docx

《土地流转外文文献中英文对照.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《土地流转外文文献中英文对照.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

土地流转外文文献中英文对照

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：

Theimpactoflandtransferonpeasantstratification

--AnanalysisbasedonasurveyofJingshancountry,Hubeiprovince

文献、资料来源：

网络

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：

2000.8

院（部）：

土地资源与城乡规划学院

专业：

土地资源管理

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

外文文献

Theimpactoflandtransferonpeasantstratification

--AnanalysisbasedonasurveyofJingshancountry,Hubeiprovince

CHENBaifeng

SchoolofLaw,ZhongnanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw;ResearchCenterforRuralChinaGovernance,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology

Abstract:

Peasants’motivationandpurposefortransferringlandvaryfromtimetotime.Basedonasurveyof10villagesinJingshancounty,Hunanprovince,thisarticlefindsthatthespecificformsofrurallandtransferincludeactivelong-termtransfer,passivelong-termtransferandshort-termtransfer.Landtransferhasanimportantimpactonthestratificationofthepeasantry.Presentinstitutionalarrangementsforlandignorethelegitimateinterestsofmigrantfamiliesandpoorandweakvillagersandthereforetheyholddifferentattitudestowardlandtenureinstitutionsthanmiddlepeasantsdo.Basedontheconclusionsofanempiricalanalysis,thisarticleputsforwardaseriesofpolicyrecommendationsaimedatprotectingthelandrightsofpoorandweakpeasanthouseholds.

Keywords:

landtransfer,stratum,peasantstratification,landtenurearrangement

Landtransferisthefocusofcurrentdebatesontheinstitutionalchangeofland.Manyscholarshaveconductedresearchontheforms,causesandimplicationsoflandtransferandhavecomeupwithmeasuresandcountermeasurestostandardizethetransferofland.Specialattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleoflandtransferinagrarianrestructuring,industrialization,moderate-scale

operation,rurallabortransferandpeasantincomeenhancement.However,suchstudiesrarely

involveland’simpactonchangesinthehierarchicalstructureofcurrentruralChina.Chen

ChengwenandLuoZhongyong（2006）focusondissectingtheoverallruralstructureand

examiningtheroleoflandtransferinreconstructingtheruralsocialstructure.Somescholarsargue

thatderegulatingthetransferoflandwillleadtopolarizationamongthepeasantry（WenTiejun,

2008;LiChangping,2008）,butsuchanargumentismerelyamacrojudgmentwithoutfactual

supportatthemicrolevel.Chinaisahugecountrywithunevendevelopmentinruralareas;

peasantstratificationisanythingbutastrangephenomenon.Therefore,weshallpaymore

attentiontoobservingthestratificationofthepeasantryatthemicrolevel.

InclassicalMarxisttheory,theinstitutionalconditionsoflandareanimportantbasisofclassand

stratification.Inthe1930s,ChenHansheng,etal,proceededwithanobservationoftheland

tenureinstitutionsandscientificallysubstantiatedthefeudalfactor-drivenclassrelationsinrural

Chinaandthesemi-colonialandsemi-feudalnatureofruralChinesesociety.Intimesof

revolution,MaoZedong（1982,1991）alsosingledouttheinstitutionalconditionsoflandasan

importantbasisofclassandstratification.HeplayedacrucialroleinunderstandingChineseclass

conditionsatthattimeandjustifyingthenecessityoflaunchingalandrevolution.Afterland

reformwaslaunchedinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,landnolongerexertedasignificant

impactonruralclassstratificationandhencescholarsdiscussedtheruralclassstructuremainly

basedonoccupationalstratification（LuXueyi,2002）.Aftertheagriculturaltaxwasabolished,

farminggeneratedahandsomeincomeforpeasantsandtheimpactoflandtransferonruralsocial

stratificationandpeasantstratificationbecameincreasinglypronounced.InSeptember2008,we

2

conductedasurveyof10villagesintwotownshipjurisdictionsofJingshancounty,Hubei

province.Basedonthequalitativeinterviewandquantitativestatistics,thisarticleattemptsto

discusstheimpactoflandtransferonthestratificationofthepeasantry.

I.Thecomplexrealityoflandtransfer

Afterintroducingthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysystem,therulingCommunistPartyand

governmenthaveenactedaseriesofpoliciesaimedatpermittingandencouragingthetransferof

landuserightswithinthetermofcontractwhilestabilizingrurallandcontractrelations.The

centralgovernmenthasalwaysintendedtorealizethetransferoflandtenurerightsaccordingto

lawandonavoluntaryandcompensatorybasisandtoeffectivelyprotecttherightsandinterests

ofpeasants.Therealityis,however,verycomplicated.Themotivation,purposeandmethodof

rurallandtransfervaryfromtimetotime.TheactualconditionsalsovaryacrossruralChina.In

Jingshancounty,,landtransferhasgonethroughthreedifferentstages:

Thefirststagebeganinthe1980s.Duringthisperiod,peasantstransferredlandbeforeseeking

jobsordoingbusinessincities.ThetransitiontoamarketeconomystartedearlyinJingshanand

asaresult,landtransfertookplaceearlierherethanelsewhereinruralareasofcentralandwestern

China.

Thesecondstagestartedinthelate1980s.Atthisstage,peasantburdenbecameincreasingly

cumbersome.Manypeasantswereunabletobeartheburdenofthenewleviesandasaresult,they

hadnoalternativebuttotransferorabandontheirfarmlandandsearchforjobsinurbanareas.The

abandonedlandwastransferredunderthestewardshipofvillagecollectivesorcommittees.This

wasaprevalentphenomenonduringtheperiodfromthe1990suntil2004,theyearinwhichthe

agriculturaltaxwasrepealed.

Thethirdstagebeganin2004.Afterabolishingtheagriculturaltaxin2004,thestatenolonger

leviedfeesonpeasantsandinsteadofferedthemvarioussubsidies.Farminggraduallybecame

lucrativeandtheonce-abandonedlandsuddenlybecamesought-after.Inaddition,therewere

dramaticchangesinthemodeandstateoflandtransfer.Ononehand,peasantswerelesswilling

totransferland,andtheproportionoflandtransferredwasindecline.Ontheotherhand,some

peasanthouseholdshadtotransfertheirlandbecauseitssizewastoosmalltobeprofitable.

Inthefaceofdifferentsituations,peasantstransferredtheirlandinoneofthethreemodes:

1.Activelong-termlandtransfer

Activelong-termlandtransferiswhenpeasantschoosetoabandoncontractedlandintheirhome

villagesaftersettlingdowninurbanareas,oractivelyseektotransferthecontractedlandbecause

theyexpecttosettledowninurbanareas.Thisformoflandtransferexistedfromthe1980s

onwardandaftertheagriculturaltaxwasrepealed.Amongthe60villagerswhotransferredalarge

areaoflandinCaozhengongvillage,Jingshancounty,13farmerstransferredtheirlandunderthis

method.Sixofthe13farmerswenttocitieswithouttheirspousesorbecamenon-farmers（private

schoolteachersortemporaryworkersturnedintofull-timeworkers）.Thesixvillagerstransferred

theirlandinafoolproofway,andtheynowarelivingadecentlife.Theothersevenvillagers

abandonedtheirlandduetoanoptimisticjudgmentintheirabilitytoworkandliveinurbanareas.

Sixofthosesevenvillagersaremakingalivinginurbanareas,andoneofthemreturnedtothe

countrysideandboughtahouseandaplotoflandinavillageinanadjacenttownship.Amongthe

sixvillagerssettlingdowninurbanareas,fourvillagersliveanaffluentlifeandtwovillagersare

neitherrichnorpoor.Ofthelattertwovillagers,onehasboughtahousewithatileroofinatown

3

andmakesalivingbysellingbeancurd;theothermakesalivingbyworkinginabarbershop.

Whenapeasanthouseholdactivelytransfersitslandforalongperiodoftime,thetransfereeis

naturallyentitledtoacquirethelandforthemutuallyagreed-uponperiodoftime.

2.Passivelong-termlandtransfer

Peasantburdenbecameincreasinglyheavyfromthelate1980sto2003,whenthereformofthe

taxandfeesystemwaslaunched.Becausegrainpriceswereindeclineandpeasantslostmoney

tillingtheland,manyofthemtransferredtheirlandwithoutlittleconsideration.Sometimesthe

transferorevenhadtoofferasubsidyofupto300yuan/mutothetransferee.Sincetaxesandfees

wereleviedonland,abandoninglandmeantleavingtaxesandfeesupintheair,so

grassroots-levelgovernmentsforbadepeasantsfromabandoningtheirlandandforcedthemtopay

taxesandfeeseveniftheirlandwasuntilled.ThisiswhatLiChangping（2002）called“farmers

havetotilltheirlandagainst（their）willwhentheyactuallywishtoabandonit.”Inthissituation,

somepeasanthouseholdstransferredtheirhousesandlandtogethertonon-nativeimmigrantsfrom

mountainousareas;somepeasanthouseholdstriedeverymeanstomovetheirregistered

permanentresidenceelsewhereandevenendedupbecomingunregisteredresidents.Stillmore

peasanthouseholdspreferredtojustleavetheirlandbehindandgoworkanddobusiness

elsewhere.Consequently,avastexpanseoflandwasabandonedinruralareas.Somevillagers

askedtheirneighborstocarefortheland,butthelandchangedhandssoonafterorwasabandoned

anyway.Whenvillagersabandonedtheirlandandwenttoworkelsewhere,thetownshipand

villagegovernmentscouldnotexpecttocollecttaxesandfees,andasaresulthadtotransferthe

abandonedlandbyeverymeans.

Themodesoflandtransferconceivedattownshipandvillagelevelsinclude“onelandplotper

household”contract,low-pricecontractandchangeoflanduse.“Onelandplotperhousehold”

contractmeansthatinordertoresolvelandcultivationandirrigationissues,thevillagecollective

orcommitteereallocatedlandandconcentratedthelandcontractedto