完整word版英文专业词汇学考试复习资料.docx
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完整word版英文专业词汇学考试复习资料.docx
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完整word版英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter1TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary
1、TheDefinitionofaWord
Lexicologyfocusesonthestudyofmeaningsandoriginsofwords.
Accordingtosemanticists(语义学家),awordisaunitofmeaning.
Awordisaminimal(最小的)freeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction(句法功能).
2、Vocabulary
Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.
3、SoundandMeaning
Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisnologic
4、SoundandForm
TherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandforminOldEnglishthaninModernEnglish.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesarosebetweensoundandform.
5、ClassificationofWords
No.Classification
1ByBasicWordStock
usefrequency(基本词汇)
ExampleNotes
Thebasicwordstockformsthecommoncore(共合)ofthelanguage.
Pronouns(代词)andnumeralsaresemanticallymonosemous(单一的)andfairlylimitedintherespectofproductivity(多产性)andcollocability(搭配性).
Themostimportantfeatureofthebasicwordstockisallnationalcharacter.
2Bynotion
(有无实义)
3ByOrigin
NonbasicVocabularyArchaisms(古词语):
thou
Neologisms(新词):
AIDS
Argot(黑话):
persuader(meansdagger)
TechnicalTerms
ContentWords(实义词)
FunctionalWords
NativeWords
BorrowedWordsDenizens(同代词):
port、shirt
Aliens(非同代词):
décor
TranslationLoans(译借词):
lama(喇嘛)
4ByMorphologySimpleWords
(形态)CompoundsandDerivedWords
6、简答
(1)、Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?
Giveexamplestoillustrateit.
Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional.Indifferentlanguages,thesameconceptcanbeshownbydifferentsounds.“Woman”,forexample,becomes“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“funv”inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound[mi:
t]isusedtomean“meet,meat,mete”,denotingdifferentthings.
(2)、Whatarethefourmajorreasonsforthedifferencesbetweensoundandform?
Thefirstreason(heinternalreason)isthattherearemorephonemes(音素)thanlettersinEnglish.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.Thethirdreasonsthatsomeofthedifferencesmorecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Thefourthreasonistheborrowing.
(3)、Howarewordsclassifiedinthecoursebook?
Wordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallinto:
thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency;contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion;nativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin;simplewords,compoundsandderivedwordsbymorphology.
(4)、Whatisthedifferencebetweendenizensandaliens?
Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilated(完全同化)intotheEnglishlanguage.Butaliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin.
Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary
1、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,thoughttobeahighlyinflected(内部曲折语)language.
Group
Classification
Including
EasterSet
Balto-Slavic
Prussian、Lithuanina(立陶宛语)、Czech(捷克语)
(东支)
Indo-Iranian
Persian
、Bengali(孟加拉)、Hindi、Romany
WesternSet
Celtic
Scottish
、Irish、Welsh
(西支)
Hellenic
Greek
Italic
FiveRomancelanguages:
Portuguese、Spanish、French、Italian、Romanian
Germanic
FourNorthernEuropeanLanguages(Scandinavianlanguages):
Norwegian(挪威语)、Icelandic(冰岛语)、Danish、SwedishGerman、Dutch(荷兰语)、Flemish(佛兰芒语)、English
2、ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment
ThefirstpeopleswhoinhabitedthelandwereCelts.
ThesecondlanguageknowninEnglishwasLatinoftheRomanLegions.
(1)、OldEnglish(450-1150)
(2)、MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)
TheFrenchinfluenceonEnglishvocabularywasoneofthesignificantpointsoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.
ThemostimportantfactoftheMiddleEnglishperiodwasthesteadyerosionoftheinflectionalsystemsofOldEnglish.
(3)、ModernEnglish(1500-present)
IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.
ItisestimatedthataboutonefourthofmodernEnglishvocabularyhascomefromFrench.
3、ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary
InearlierstagesofEnglish,Latin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavianwerethefourmajorcontributors.
ThesimultaneousexistenceofFrench,LatinandEnglishlastedforacentury.
4、ModesofVocabularyDevelopment
ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:
creation,semanticchange(旧词新义)andborrowing.
Creationisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.
5、简答
WhatarethecharacteristicsofOldEnglish?
OldEnglishalsoknownastheAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words,whicharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlya
fewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.Itwasasyntheticlanguage(综合性语言).(ModernEnglishisananalytic
language)
Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.
Allomorphs(词素变体)
Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.
Affix
Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords
1、Morphemes
TheminimalmeaningfulunitsinEnglishareknownasmorphemes(词素).
2、ClassifyingMorphemes
No.
Classification
Notes
1
Free
morpheme
Boundmorpheme
includetwotypes:
boundrootandaffix
(粘着词素)
arechieflyfoundinderivedwords
2
Derivational
morpheme
confinedtosuffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers
Inflectional
morpheme
(曲折词素)
3
Content
morpheme
Onasemanticandsyntacticbasis,morphemescanfall
(实义词素)
intocontent/lexicalandgrammaticalmorphemes.
Grammatical
morpheme
3、Morphs(形素)
4、
5、
No.
Classification
Notes
1
Inflectionalaffixes
accordingtothefunction
Derivationalaffixes
2
prefix
inviewoftheirdistribution
(位置)inthewords
suffix
Suffixesembracebothderivationalsuffixesand
inflectionalsuffixes.
6、Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.
7、简答
(1)、Whatisthedifferencebetweenfreemorphemesandboundmorphemes?
Freemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentencesareindependentofothermorphemes,butboundmorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparate.Wordsareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.
(2)、Whatisthedifferencebetweenderivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes?
Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwords,butinflectionalmorphemesareemployedusedtoindicatethesyntactic(句法)relationshipbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.
Chapter4WordFormatio
Themostproductivewaysofcreatingnewwordsareaffixation,compounding,andconversion.
1、Affixation
Accordingtotheposition:
Classification
Including
Example
Notes
Prefixation
NegativePrefixes
undemocratic,Generallyspeaking,
prefixes
do
(表示否定)
disloyal
notchangetheword-classof
the
Reversative/Privative
unlock
basebutmodifyits
meaning
Prefixes
(表示逆反)
Suffixaion
aDeverbalNounSuffix
dismissal,
(NounSuffixes)
(动词变名词)
assistant
a
DenominalNounSuffix
booklet,
(名词变名词)
hostess
Thewordscreatedbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestobasesarecalledderivatives.
2、Compounding(复合法)
Example:
workfare(work+welfare)
Inadjective-plus-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes.
Verbcompoundsarecreatedeitherthoughconversionorthroughback-formation.
3、Conversion(转类法)
Theconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbsisthemostproductive.
Theconversionoftwosyllablenounsintoverbsinvolvesachangeofstress.
Nounsfullyconvertedfromadjectiveshaveallthecharacteristicsofnouns.
4、Blending(拼缀法)
Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns
5、Back-formation(逆身法)
Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.
6、简答
(1)、Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprefixesandsuffixes?
Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilyeffectasemanticmodificationofthebase,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangesthegrammaticalfunctionofabase,i.e.thechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.
(2)、Whatarethethreemainfeaturesofcompounds?
Thethreemainfeaturesofcompoundsarephonologicalfeatures,semanticfeaturesandgrammaticalfeatures.Thewordstressofacompoundusuallyoccursonthefirstelement.Eachcompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence.
(3)、Whatisback-formation?
Whatarethecharacteristicsofback-formation?
Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Wordscreatedthroughback-formationareverbs.Stylistically,back-formedwordsarelargelyinformalandsomeofthemhavenotsuccessfullygainedcurrency.
(4)、Whatisacronymy?
Whatisthedifferencebetweeninitialismsandacrnyms?
Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.Initialismsarepronouncedletterbyletter,butacronymsarepronouncedasnormalwords
7、论述题
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