英语语言学基础知识.docx
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英语语言学基础知识.docx
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英语语言学基础知识
英语语言学基础知识
一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征
几对基本概念
(2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting
Whatislinguistics?
什么是语言学?
(3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage
Languageandparole语言与言语Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,but
languagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。
语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言,Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.而是人类所有语言的特性。
Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse
Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Competenceandperformance能力与运用Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Performance:
Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性Whatislanguage?
什么是语言?
Descriptive:
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
Characteristicsoflanguage:
语言的特性Prescriptive:
itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokendata.Languageisarule-governedsystem
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage.Languageisbasicallyvocal
Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性Languageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:
“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”)
inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Languageisusedforhumancommunication
Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄别特征Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:
AmericanlinguistCharlesHackettspecified12designfeatures:
(1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution
1)arbitrariness武断性4)displacement移位性2)productivity创造性5)culturaltransmission文化传递性3)duality二重性
二、音系学
语言的声音媒介音系学和语音学什么是语音学语音、音位、音位变体发音器官音位对立、互补分部、最小对立音标……宽式和严式标音法几条音系规则英语语音的分类超切分特征
构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学:
Isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsTwomajormediaofcommunication:
Speechandwriting
Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.studiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音,这些数目有限的一组语音Threebranchesofphonetics:
articulatoryphonetics发音语音学(mosthighlydeveloped),auditoryphonetics
1
听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学01)Velum:
Thesoftpalate.软腭Organsofspeech发音器官02)uvula:
Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌,悬雍垂悬
垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:
Thepharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat03)larynx:
n.喉Theoralcavity口腔----themouth04)vocalcord:
声带Thenasalcavity鼻腔---thenose05)membrane:
n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,Vibrationofthevocalcords(声带)resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”浊音,whichisaororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层,覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物featureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。
器官
单词补充:
06)thesoftpalate:
软腭10)theteeth:
牙齿07)thehardpalate:
硬腭11)thelips:
上下唇08)theteethridge:
齿龈12)bladeoftongue:
舌面
13)backoftongue:
舌根09)alveolus:
Atoothsocketinthejawbone
牙槽颚骨处的牙床14)pharyngealcavity:
咽腔
16)velar:
Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as(g)ingoodand(k)incup.15)nasalcavity:
鼻腔软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的,如在good中的(g)以及在cup中的(k)
17)thetipofthetongue:
舌尖19)theroofofthemouth:
上颚18)theupperfrontteeth:
上齿20)thelowerlip:
下唇音标……宽式和严式标音法:
theopennessofthemouth,口的张开程度
:
theshapeofthelips园唇与否InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)
Thevowels(monophthongsanddiphthongs)元音(单元音&双元音):
lengthofthevowels元音的长度Theconstants辅音
Broadtranscription:
Transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.(indictionariesandteachingtextbooks)
用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法,这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。
Narrowtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.
但实际上,同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同,比如Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。
在宽式标音的基础上,再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音
法。
ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds
英语语音的分类
Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconstantisthatinthepronunciationoftheformertheairthatcomes
fromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatofthe
Phonology音系学latteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.
ClassificationofEnglishconstantsPhonologyandphonetics
英语辅音分类音系学和语音学ClassificationofEnglishvowelsPhoneticsisofageneralnature;Itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.:
thepositionofthetongueinthemouth舌位高低语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音,旨在对语音进行描述和分类。
2
复合词的类型Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsounds
复合词的特征inalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系,语音表达意义作用。
MorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsPhone,phonemeandallophoneareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:
inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.语音,音位,音位变体形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则,有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。
Phones,whichcanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Morpheme:
thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.语音是语音学研究的单位,是一个个具体的声音。
语素:
语言最小的意义单位。
Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.FreeMorpheme:
Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent)音位是音系学研究的单位,是抽象的概念,每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体,音位具有区别意义的自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。
作用。
BoundMorpheme:
Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.
粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词Thedifferentwhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesof
BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:
(1)root
(2)Affix(词缀)thatphoneme.
音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现,同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体,1)Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)(inflectionalmorphemes):
也就是语音。
affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional
2)Derivationalaffixes(派生词缀)A)prefix:
Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B)suffixPhonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair
音位对立,互补分布,最小对立对Anadjectivesuffix(形容词后缀)thatisaddedtothestem,whateverclassisbelongsto,theresultwillbeanropeandrobethat/P/and/b/canoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning;thereforetheyadjective.
free=freeroot(自由词根)areinphonemiccontrast.
可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止,产生意义差别。
Morpheme(词素)/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Boundrootprefix
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameboundderivationalplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.[pen]and[ben]affixsuffix
最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。
inflectional
Somerulesinphonology几条音系规则Rootandstem(词根和词干)Sequentialrules序列规则:
Blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.Butlbki,ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.1)Root2)Stem
Assimilationrules同化规则Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:
Deletionrule省略规则Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Sign,design,thereisno{g}soundAstemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canSignature,designationthe{g}ispronounced.befurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.IndividualisticUndesirablesSuprasegmentalfeatures---stress,tone,intonationIndividualist(stem)undesirable(stem)超切分特征――重音,声调,语调Individual(stem)desirable(stem)thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;dividual(stem)desire(root,stem)超切分特征指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。
divide(root,stem)三、MORPHOLOGY形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。
Affixation词缀法(Derivation派生法):
Addingword-formationorderivationalaffixestostem.语素:
语言最小的意义单位Prefixation前缀@:
It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.语素的类型1)'表示否定'negativeprefixes:
un-,non,in-,dis,a-etc.
3
Adjective+noun+-ed(形容词+名词+ed)―――white-haired,red-eyed2)''reversativeorprivativeprefixes:
un-,de-disetc.
3)'表示贬义'pejorativeprefixes:
mis-,mal-,pseudo-etc.Verb+noun(动词+名词)―――driveway,breakwater(挡水板)4)'表示程度'degreeorsizeprefixes:
arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-etc.Adverb+noun(副词+名词)―――downtown,overburden5)'表示方向、态度'orientation&attitudeprefixes:
counter-,contra-,anti-,pro-etc.Noun+verb(名词+动词)―――toothpick,snowfall
Verb+adverb(动词+副词)―――follow-up,kick-off6)locativeprefixes:
super-,sub-,inter-,trans-etc.
7)'表示时间、次序'timeandorderprefixes:
fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.Noun+adjective(名词+形容词)―――world-famous,lifelong8)'表示数量'numberprefixes:
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