初二英语总结第三讲上海地区.docx
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初二英语总结第三讲上海地区.docx
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初二英语总结第三讲上海地区
第三讲
2012年秋季班八年级英语讲义(教师版)
范围:
八年级第一学期主要词汇、句型、语法及练习
A.《新世纪》UnitOne,LessonTwo:
Robots
B.《牛津上海版》ModuleOne,UnitTwo:
WorkandPlay
说明:
音标与词性缩写统一为牛津版格式
I.Words单词
A.
1.robot/ˈrəubɔt/n.机器人
∙Arobotisamachinewhichisprogrammedtomoveandperformcertaintasksautomatically
e.g.Sheworkedlikearobot.
Usage:
∙常见搭配:
home-helprobots(家务用机器人),robotsforstudy(辅学机器人),industrialrobots(工业用机器人),medicalrobots(医务用机器人)
2.prepare/prɪˈpɛə(r)/vi.&vt.准备;预备;把……准备好
∙Ifyouprepareforaneventoractionthatwillhappensoon,yougetyourselfreadyforitormakethenecessaryarrangements.
∙Ifyoupreparesomething,youmakeitreadyforsomethingthatisgoingtohappen.
e.g.HehadtogobacktohishotelandpreparetocatchatrainforNewYork...
Heispreparinghislessonsfortheexam.
Usage:
∙辨析preparesth.和prepareforsth.
preparesth.(准备某事;做某事),prepare的动作直接作用到后面的宾语sth.上。
prepareforsth.(为某事做准备),for的宾语一般只是谓语动词要达到的目的。
e.g.Pleasepreparethetablefordinner.
3.dangerous/ˈdeɪndʒərəs/adj.危险的;不安全的
∙Ifsomethingisdangerous,itisableorlikelytohurtorharmyou.
e.g.Neverruntowardsdangerousanimals.
Usage:
∙派生词:
dangerously(adv.危险地;不安全地),danger(n.危害;危险)
∙常见搭配:
indanger(身处险境),outofdanger(脱离危险),onthedangerlist(被列入病危名单,病危)
4.machine/məˈʃi:
n/n.机器;机械(装置)
∙Amachineisapieceofequipmentwhichuseselectricityoranengineinordertodoaparticularkindofwork.
e.g.Iputthecoininthemachineandpulledthelever.
5.difference/ˈdɪfərəns/n.差别,区别;不同之处
∙Thedifferencebetweentwothingsisthewayinwhichtheyareunlikeeachother.
e.g.Lookattheirdifferenceinsize.
Usage:
∙派生词:
different(adj.不同的),differently(adv.不同地)
∙常见搭配:
withadifference(与众不同;不一样),makeadifferencebetween(区分;对……不同对待),makesome/nodifference(有一些/没有影响)
6.housework/ˈhauswə:
k/n.家务活
∙Houseworkistheworksuchascleaning,washing,andironingthatyoudoinyourhome.
e.g.Heisdoingthehousework.
7.memory/ˈmemərɪ/n.记忆;(计算机的)存储器;内存
∙memoryissomethingthatyourememberfromthepast.
∙computer'smemoryisthepartofthecomputerwhereinformationisstored,especiallyforashorttimebeforeitistransferredtodisksormagnetictapes.
e.g.She’sgotagoodmemoryforfaces.
Thesystemcan’tcopyifyouoverloadthememory.
Usage:
∙常见搭配:
frommemory(凭记忆),honourthememoryof(纪念),inmemoryof(纪念),tothememoryof(纪念),haveagood/badmemory(记忆力好、差),withinone’smemory(依然留在人们的脑海中)
∙派生词:
memorise(vt.记忆,背诵)e.g.Iwasabletoreadawholepageandmemoriseitinunderthreeminutes.
8.factory/ˈfæktərɪ/n.工厂
∙Afactoryisalargebuildingwheremachinesareusedtomakelargequantitiesofgoods.
e.g.Alocalfactoryphonedusonedaywithaproblem.
Usage:
∙常用搭配:
gotofactory(去工厂上班),comebackfromfactory(从工厂下班回来)
9.model/ˈmɔdəl/n.款式;型号;典型
∙Aparticularmodelofamachineisaparticularversionofit.
∙Ifyousaythatsomeoneorsomethingisamodelofaparticularquality,youareshowingapprovalofthembecausetheyhavethatqualitytoalargedegree.
e.g.Thelittleboyenjoysmakingmodels.
Iwantadresslikeyours,forthatmodelisbecomingtome.
B.
1.similar/ˈsɪmɪlə(r)/adj.相像的;类似的
∙Ifonethingissimilartoanother,oriftwothingsaresimilar,theyhavefeaturesthatarethesame.
e.g.Theaccidentwassimilartoonethathappenedin1973.
Usage:
∙辨析alike,like和similar
alike:
指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。
普通用词,只作表语。
like:
普通用词,含义广泛,指多个或全部特性都相似,但并非同一个,也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
similar:
强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似,暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
2.expect/ɪksˈpekt/vt.&vi.预料;预期
∙Ifyouexpectsomethingtohappen,youbelievethatitwillhappen.
e.g.Thetalksareexpectedtocontinueuntiltomorrow.
3.business/ˈbɪznɪs/n.生意;公司
∙Businessisworkrelatingtotheproduction,buying,andsellingofgoodsorservices.
∙Abusinessisanorganizationwhichproducesandsellsgoodsorwhichprovidesaservice.
e.g.BusinessisveryimportanttoHongKong.
Coca-colaisabigbusiness.
Usage:
∙business用于指某一公司时,是可数名词。
但表示贸易,生意时,则是不可数名词。
∙派生词:
businessman(商人,生意人)
4.luckily/ˈlʌkɪlɪ/adv.幸运地;幸好
∙Youaddluckilytoastatementtoindicatethatitisgoodthataparticularthinghappenedoristhecasebecauseotherwisethesituationwouldhavebeendifficultorunpleasant.
e.g.Luckily,thepolicecamerightaway.
Usage:
∙派生词:
unluckily(adv.不幸地;偏巧),luck(n.运气;幸运),lucky(adj.幸运的)
5.popular/ˈpɔpjələ(r)/adj.受喜爱的;受欢迎的
∙Somethingthatispopularisenjoyedorlikedbyalotofpeople.
e.g.Thisdanceispopularwithyoungpeople.
Usage:
∙常见搭配:
bepopularwith(受到……的喜爱)
∙派生词:
unpopular(adj.不流行的,不受欢迎的)
6.responsible/rɪˈspɔnsəbl/adj.有责任的;负责的;承担义务的
∙Responsiblepeoplebehaveproperlyandsensibly,withoutneedingtobesupervised.
∙Ifsomeoneorsomethingisresponsibleforaparticulareventorsituation,theyarethecauseofitortheycanbeblamedforit.
e.g.Simonisaresponsibleboy.
Hestillfeltresponsibleforherdeath.
Usage:
∙派生词:
irresponsible(adj.不负责任的,不可靠的)
7.sale/seɪl/n.销售;出售
∙Thesaleofgoodsistheactofsellingthemformoney.
e.g.Hegotfourpoundsfromthesaleofhisdrawing.
Usage:
∙常见搭配:
forsale(待售,出售),onsale(减价)
8.client/ˈklaɪənt/n.委托人;当事人
∙Aclientofaprofessionalpersonororganizationisapersonorcompanythatreceivesaservicefromtheminreturnforpayment.
e.g.Thedressdesignermeasuredherclientforhernewclothes.
9.boring/ˈbɔ:
rɪŋ/adj.没趣的;令人讨厌的
∙Someoneorsomethingboringissodullanduninterestingthattheymakepeopletiredandimpatient.
e.g.Heisaboringperson.
10.simple/ˈsɪmpl/adj.简单的;易于理解的
∙Ifyoudescribesomethingassimple,youmeanthatitisnotcomplicated,andisthereforeeasytounderstand.
e.g.Goodnessissimple.
Usage:
∙辨析:
simple和easy
simple:
普通用词,指不复杂、不难懂,从而容易被理解的事物。
easy:
普通用词,指不需要花费太多精力的工作或事,在实际运用中常与simple换用。
11.achieve/əˈtʃi:
v/vt.&vi.(凭长期努力)达到(某目标)
∙Ifyouachieveaparticularaimoreffect,yousucceedindoingitorcausingittohappen,usuallyafteralotofeffort.
e.g.Shehopestoachieveallheraimssoon.
Usage:
∙派生词:
achievement(n.成就,成绩)
12.fail/feɪl/vi.&vt.(考试)不及格
∙Ifsomeonefailsatest,examination,orcourse,theyperformbadlyinitanddonotreachthestandardthatisrequired.
e.g.HefailedhisEnglishexam.
Usage:
∙派生词:
failure(n.失败,不及格)
13.exam/iɡˈzæm/n.考试
∙Anexamisaformaltestthatyoutaketoshowyourknowledgeorabilityinaparticularsubject,ortoobtainaqualification.
e.g.Idon'twanttotakeanymoreexams.
Usage:
辨析exam,test和quiz
exam:
常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试,有时也指临时考试。
exam:
多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz:
指时间较短,随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
二、Phrases词组
A.
1.makethebed铺床
∙Whenyoumakethebed,youneatlyarrangethesheetsandcoversofabedsothatitisreadytosleepin.
e.g.Doyoumakethebedyourselfafteryougetup?
2.performanoperation动手术
∙Whenapatientisperformedanoperation,asurgeoncutsopentheirbodyinordertoremove,replace,orrepairadiseasedordamagedpart.
e.g.ThesurgeonwillperformanoperationonLindafortheheart.
∙Usage:
常见搭配:
inoperation(运转着的,工作中的),comeintooperation(生效),put…intooperation(将……付诸实施)
B.
1.besimilarto与……相类似的
∙Ifonethingissimilartoanother,oriftwothingsaresimilar,theyhavefeaturesthatarethesame.
e.g.Theaccidentwassimilartoonethathappenedin1973.
2.getup起床
∙Whenyougetup,yougetoutofbed.
e.g.Iusuallygetupatseven.
Usage:
∙派生词:
geton(上车),getoff(下车),getback(返回)
3.puton穿上
∙Whenyouputonclothingormake-up,youplaceitonyourbodyinordertowearit.
e.g.Sheputonhercoatandwentout.
Usage:
∙辨析wear,dress和puton
wear:
最常用词,指穿衣、鞋袜或戴手套等,侧重穿戴的状态。
dress:
普通用词,指给自己或他人穿衣。
既表动作又可表状态。
puton:
普通用语,指把衣服、鞋袜、帽子、手套等戴上去,侧重穿戴的动作。
4.overbreakfast吃早餐时
∙whenyoudosomethingoverbreakfast,youdoitduringbreakfast.
e.g.Wecanlistentolightmusicoverbreakfast.
5.workon从事……研究
∙Ifsomeoneisworkingonaparticularsubjectorquestion,theyarestudyingorresearchingit.
e.g.Weareworkingonanewcomputerprogram.
Usage:
∙派生词:
outofwork(失业),atwork(在工作),workout(解决,找到答案)
6.makephonecalls打电话
∙Ifyoumakeaphonecall,youdialsomeone'sphonenumberandspeaktothembyphone.
e.g.Ifyouneedmyhelp,pleasemakephonecallstome.
7.ontheway在路上
∙Ifyouareonyourway,youhavestartedyourjourneysomewhere.
e.g.Onourwaytothecinema,wemetMr.Green.
三、Sentences句型
A.
1.thedifferencebetweenAandBA和B的不同
e.g.What’sthedifferencebetweenrobotsandordinarymachines?
机器人与普通机器的区别是什么?
Doyouknowthedifferencebetweenphysicalchangesandchemicalchanges?
Usage:
∙派生词:
bedifferentfrom(与……不同)
2.computerstocontrolthem控制他们的电脑
e.g.Robotshavegotcomputerstocontrolthem.
机器人装有控制他们的电脑。
Usage:
∙不定式可以做定语放在所修饰的名词后。
如:
Weusuallyhavealotofhomeworktodointheevening.
B.
1.mustbe…肯定是……
e.g.WendyWang,15,mustbeoneofthetopstudentsinthecity.
WendyWang,十五岁,肯定是这座城市中的佼佼者之一。
Thetwogirlsmustbetwins,fortheylookjustthesame.
Usage:
∙辨析mustbe和can’tbe
mustbe是对现在情况的肯定猜测。
can’tbe是对现在情况的否定猜测。
2.oneofthe…最……之一
e.g.WendyWang,15,mustbeoneofthetopstudentsinthecity.
WendyWang,十五岁,肯定是这座城市中的佼佼者之一。
Usage:
∙oneofthe+形容词最高级+可数名词复数。
如:
Jimisoneofthetalleststudentsinourclass.
∙oneof结构作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
四、Grammar语法
A.
1.Indefinitepronouns
∙some,any,every,no都能和one,body,thing一起构成代词,这些代词叫复合不定代词。
∙一般情况下,some构成的复合不定代词,其作用和some相同,用于肯定句;any构成复合不定代词用于否定句或疑问句;no构成的复合不定代词表示否定含义。
∙something可用于提议或请求的问句中,以及希望说话对方作出肯定回答的问句中。
∙复合不定代词在句子中做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
∙不定代词的定语要后置。
B.
1.TheSimplePresenttense
∙一般现在时的用法
经常做的事或发生的动作,如:
Dogsbarkatstranger
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