独立从句DependentClauses.docx
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独立从句DependentClauses.docx
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独立从句DependentClauses
DependentClauses:
AnOverview
Dependentclausesmayworklikeadverbs,adjectives,ornounsincomplexsentences.
Adverbialclauses
Likeasingle-wordadverb,anadverbialclausedescribesaverb(inthesentence'smainclause)andanswersoneofthesequestions
where?
why?
how?
when?
towhatdegree?
Anadverbialclausebeginswithasubordinatingconjunction,whichmakestheclausesubordinate(dependent).
Commonsubordinatingconjunctions:
after
inorder(that)
unless
although
insofaras
until
as
inthat
when
asfaras
lest
whenever
assoonas
nomatterhow
where
asif
nowthat
wherever
asthough
once
whether
because
provided(that)
while
before
since
why
evenif
sothat
eventhough
supposing(that)
how
than
if
that
inasmuchas
though
incase(that)
till
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhen?
Whenwilltheflowersbloom?
Answer:
whenspringarrives
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhy?
Whydidn'tthepoorwomanhavemoney?
Answer:
becauseshehadlostherjob
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhere?
Whereistherefire?
Answer:
wherethereissmoke
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringhow?
Howdidheanswerthequestion?
Answer:
asifheknewthesubjectquitewell
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree?
TowhatdegreeoflatenesswillJonesarrive?
Answer:
(later)thanSmith(willarrive)
Anotherexampleofanadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree?
Towhatdegreeisheyoung?
Answer:
(younger)thanhisbrother(is)
Commausewithadverbialclauses
Commausewithadverbialclausesdependsuponplacementoftheadverbialclause.
Iftheadverbialclauseintroducesthesentence,placeacommabetweenitandthemainclause.
Iftheadverbialclausefollowsthemainclauseinasentence,donotplaceacommabetweenthetwo.
Adjectivalclauses
Likeasingle-wordadjective,anadjectivalclausedescribesanoun(inthesentence'smainclause)andanswersoneofthesequestions
whichone?
whatkind?
Anadjectivalclauseusuallybeginswitharelativepronoun,whichmakestheclausesubordinate(dependent).
Commonrelativepronouns:
that which who whom whosewhy
NOTE:
Usewho,whom,andwhosetodescribepeople.
Usethatandwhichtodescribethings.
Adjectivalclausesalwaysfollowtheperson,place,orthingtheydescribe,usuallyimmediately.
Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhichone?
WhichbookdidJoeread?
Answer:
theonethatIgavehim
Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhatkind?
Whatkindofpoliticianhasthesupportofthepeople?
Answer:
onewhoistrustworthy
Adjectivalclausesmayalsobeginwithselectedsubordinatingconjunctions:
when -todescribeatime
where -todescribeaplace
why-todescribeareason
Commausewithadjectivalclauses
Commausewithadjectivalclausesdependsuponessentialityoftheadjectivalclause.
Iftheadjectivalclauseisessential(or"needed"),nocommasshouldbeusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.
Generally,essentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwithwhich.
Examples
Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesareneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyareessentialandshouldnotbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
Iftheadjectivalclauseisnonessential(or"notneeded"),commasshouldseparateitfromthemainclause.
Nonessentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwiththat.
Examples
Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesarenotneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyarenonessentialandshouldbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
Notethedifferencebetweenthesentencesineachpair:
NominalClauses
Likeanoun,anominalclausenamesaperson,place,thing,oridea. Anominalclausemayfunctioninasentenceasanyofthefollowing:
Subject, subjectivecomplement, appositive, objectofpreposition,directobject, indirectobject, retainedobject
Nominalclausesmaybeginwithinterrogatives:
who whom what which whoever whomever whatever when where how why
An interrogativebeginninganominalclause,hasafunctionwithinthenominalclause.
Eachofthe followingexamplesillustrates
∙ anominalclause
∙ thefunctionofthenominalclausewithinthesentence
∙ thefunctionoftheinterrogativewithinthenominalclause
Nominalclauseassubjectinsentence
Nominalclauseassubjectivecomplementinsentence
Nominalclauseasobjectofprepositioninsentence
Nominalclauseasdirectobjectinsentence
Nominalclauseasindirectobjectinsentence
Nominalclauseasretainedobjectinsentence
Nominalclausesmayalsobeginwithexpletives:
that whether if
Anexpletivebeginninganominalclausehasnofunctionwithinthenominalclause.
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivethat
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivewhether
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletiveif
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