完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译.docx
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完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译.docx
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完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译
Computernetworkingsummarize
Networkingcanbedefinedasthelinkingofpeople,resourcesandideas.Networkingoccursviacasualencounters,meetings,telephoneconversation,andtheprintedwords.Nowthecomputernetworkingprovidebeingswithnewnetworkingcapabilities.Computernetworkareimportantforservicesbecauseservicetasksareinformationintensive.Duringtheistransmittedbetweenclients,coworkers,management,fundingsources,andpolicymakers.Toolswithrapidlyspeedupcommunicationwilldramaticallyaffectservices.
Computernetworkgrowingexplosively.Twodecadesago,fewpeopleessentialpartofourinfrastructure.Networkingisusedineveryaspectofbusiness,includingadvertising,production,shipping,planning,bulling,andaccounting.Consequently,mostcorporationsinon-linelibrariesaroundtheworld.Federal,state,andlocalgovernmentofficesusenetworks,asdomilitaryorganizations.Inshort,computernetworksareeverywhere.
Thegrowthinnetworkingeconomicimpactaswell.Anentireindustryjobsforpeoplewithmorenetworkingexpertise.Companiesneedworkerstoplan,acquire,install,operate,andmanagetheadditioncomputerprogrammingisnolongerrestrictedtoindividualcomputers;programmersareexpectedtodesignandimplementapplicationsoftwarethatcancommunicatewithsoftwareonothercomputers.
Computernetworkslinkcomputersbycommunicationlinesandsoftwareprotocols,allowingdatatobeexchangedrapidlyandreliably.Traditionally,theysplitbetweenwideareanetworks(WANs)andlocalareanetworks(LANs).AWANisanetworkconnectedoverlong-distancetelephonelines,andaLANisalocalizednetworkusuallyinonebuildingoragroupofbuildingsclosetogether.Thedistinction,computers.Todaynetworkscarrye-mail,provideaccesstopublicdatabases,andarebeginningtobeusedfordistributedsystems.Networksalsoallowusersinonelocalitytoshareexpensiveresources,suchasprintersanddisk-systems.
Distributedcomputersystemsarebuiltusingnetworkedcomputersthatcooperatetoperformtasks.Inthisenvironment,eachpartofthenetworkedsystemdoeswhatitisbestat.Theofapersonalcomputerorworkstationprovidesagooduserinterface.Themainframe,ontheothertheresultstotheusers.Inadistributedenvironment,ausermightuseinaspeciallanguage(e.g.StructuredQueryLanguage-SQL),tothemainframe,whichthenparrrsesthequery,returningtheuseronlythedatarequested.Theusermightthenusethedata.Bypassingbacktheuser’sPConlythespecificinformationrequested,networktrafficisreduced.Ifthewholefileweretransmitted,thePCwouldthenofonenetworktoaccesstheresourcesonadifferenttypeofnetwork.Forexample,agatewaycouldbeusedtoconnectalocalareanetworkofpersonalcomputerstoamainframecomputernetwork.Forexample,ifacompanythisexample,usingabridgemakesmoresensethanjoiningallthepersonalcomputerstogetherinonelargenetworkbecausetheindividualdepartmentsonlyoccasionallyneedtoaccessinformationontheothernetwork.
Computernetworkingtechnologycanbedividedintofourmajoraspects.
Thefirstisthedatatransmission.Itexplainsthatatthelowestlevelelectricalsignalstravelingacrosswiresareusedtocarryinformation,andshowsbeencodedusingelectricalsignals.
Thesecondfocusesonpackettransmission.Itexplainswhycomputernetworkusepackets,andshows.LANsandWANsdiscussedabovearetwobasicnetwork.
Thethirdcoversinternetworking—theimportantideathatallowssystem,andTCPIP,theprotocoltechnologyusedinglobalinternet.
Thefourthexplainsnetworkingapplications.Itfocuseson,andprogramsprovideservicessuchaselectronicmailandWebbrowsing.
ContinuedgrowthoftheglobalInternetisoneofmostinterestingandexcitingphenomenainnetworking.Adecadeago,theInternetwasaresearchprojectthatinvolvedafewdozensites.Today,theInternetintoaproductioncommunicationsystemthatreachesmillionsofpeopleinalmostallcountriesonallcontinentsaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,theInternetconnectsmostcorporations,collegesanduniversities,aswellasfederal,state,andlocalgovernmentoffices.Itwillsoonreachmostelementary,junior,andsenioraddition,manyprivateresidencescanreachtheInternetthroughadialuptelephoneconnection.EvidenceoftheInternet’simpactonsocietycanbeseeninadvertisements,inmagazinesandontelevision,whichoftencontainareferencetoanInternetWebsitethatprovideadditionalinformationabouttheadvertiser’sproductsandservices.
Alargeorganizationwithdiversenetworkingrequirementsneedsmultiplephysicalnetworks.Moreimportant,iftheorganizationchoosesthetypenetworkthatisbestforeachtask,theorganizationwillnetworkcanonlycommunicatewithothercom
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