届高三新题英语高考复习考点03 阅读理解说明文原卷版.docx
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届高三新题英语高考复习考点03 阅读理解说明文原卷版.docx
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届高三新题英语高考复习考点03阅读理解说明文原卷版
考点03阅读理解说明文
Passage1(2020·广东番禺仲元中学高三月考)
LifeexpectancyintheUnitedStateshasbeenindeclineforthefirsttimeindecades,andpublichealthofficialshaveidentifiedaseriesofpotentialcauses,includinginaccessiblehealthcare,risingdrugaddictionandratesofmentalhealthdisorders,andsocio-economicfactors.Now,astudyledbytheYaleSchoolofMedicinehasattemptedtofindouttherelativeimpactoftwofactorsmostoftenlinkedtolifeexpectancy–raceandeducation–bylookingatdataabout5,114blackandwhiteparticipantsinfourU.S.cities.
Thelivesanddeathsamongthisgroupofpeople–whotookpartinthestudyapproximately30yearsagowhentheywereintheirearly20s–showthatthelevelofeducation,andnotrace,isthebestpredictorofwhowilllivethelongest.
Amongthe5,114peoplefollowedinthestudy,395haddied.Thesedeathswereoccurringinworking-agepeople,oftenwithchildren,beforetheageof60.Theratesofdeathamongparticipantsinthisgroupdidclearlyshowracialdifferences,withapproximately9%ofblacksdyingatanearlyagecomparedto6%ofwhites.Therewerealsodifferencesincausesofdeathbyrace.Forinstance,blackmenweresignificantlymorelikelytodieofmurderandwhitemenfromAIDS.Themostcommoncausesofdeathacrossallgroupsovertimewerecardiovasculardiseaseandcancer.
Buttherewerealsoobviousdifferencesinratesofdeathbyeducationlevel.Approximately13%ofparticipantswithahighschooldegreeorlesseducationdiedcomparedwithonlyapproximately5%ofcollegegraduates.
Strikingly,whenlookingatraceandeducationatthesametime,theresearchersfoundthatdifferencesrelatedtoracealmostdisappeared:
13.5%ofblacksubjectsand13.2%ofwhitesubjectswithahighschooldegreeorlessdiedduringthecourseofthestudy.Bycontrast,5.9%ofblacksubjectsand4.3%ofwhiteswithcollegedegreeshaddied.
Therefore,improvingoverallqualityofeducationissomethingtangiblethatcanhelpreverse(扭转)thistroublingtrendinreductionoflifeexpectancyamongmiddle-agedadults.
1.Whatcanwelearnabouttheparticipantsinthestudy?
A.Thewhitesaremoreaggressive.
B.Thewhitesgothighereducation.
C.Moreblacksthanwhitesdiedyoung.
D.Morewhitesthanblacksdiedofcancer.
2.Comparedwitheducation,theinfluenceofraceondeathratesis.
A.significantB.unnoticeable
C.growingD.long-lasting
3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tangible”probablymean?
A.Realistic.B.Creative.
C.Challenging.D.Temporary.
4.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheresearchfindings?
A.Peoplecangetsmartthroughlearning.
B.Oneshouldnotdiscriminateotherraces.
C.Peopledon’tenjoyequalrightsforeducation.
D.Onecanlivelongerbygettingmoreeducation.
Passage2(2020·江苏南京高三开学考试)
Theideaofbeingabletowalkonwaterhaslonginterestedhumansgreatly.Sadly,biologicalfactspreventuseveraccomplishingsuchathingwithoutartificialaid---wesimplyweightoomuch,andallourmasspushesdownthroughourrelativelysmallfeet,resultinginalotofpressurethatmakesussink.
However,severaltypesofanimalscanwalkonwater.OneofthemostinterestingisthecommonbasiliskBasilicusbasilicus,alizard(蜥蜴)nativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.Itcanrunacrosswaterforadistanceofseveralmeters,avoidinggettingwetbyrapidlyhittingthewater’ssurfacewithitsfeet.Thelizardwilltakeasmanyas20stepspersecondtokeepmovingforward.Forhumanstodothis,we,dneedhugefeetthatwecouldbringuptoourearsinordertocreateadequatewhitting.’’
Butfortunatelythereisanalternative :
cornflour.Byaddingenoughofthiscommonthickeningagenttowater(anditdoestakealot),youcancreatea“non-Newtonian”liquidthatdoesn’tbehavelikenormalwater.Now,ifthesurfaceofthewaterishithardenough,particles(粒子)inthewatergrouptogetherforamomenttomakethesurfacehard.Movequicklyenoughandputenoughforceintoeachstep,andyoureallycanwalkacrossthesurfaceofanadequatelythickLiquidofcornflour.
Funthoughallthismaysound,it’sstillrathermessyandbetterreadaboutintheorythancarriedoutinpractice.Ifyoumustdoit,thenkeepthewaterwingshandyincaseyoustarttosink--andtakeashowerafterward!
5.Walkingonwaterhasn’tbecomearealitymainlybecausehumans______.
A.arenotinterestedinit
B.havebiologicallimitations
C.havenotinventedpropertools
D.areafraidtomakeanattempt
6.WhatdoweknowaboutBasilicusbasilicusfromthepassage?
A.Itislightenoughtowalkonwater.
B.Itshugefeetenableittostayabovewater.
C.Itcanrunacrosswateratacertainspeed.
D.Itsuniqueskinkeepsitfromgettingwetinwater.
7.Whatisthefunctionofthecornflouraccordingtothepassage?
A.Tocreateathickliquid.
B.Toturnthewaterintosolid.
C.Tohelptheliquidbehavenormally.
D.Toenablethewatertomoverapidly.
8.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheideaofhumans’walkingonwater?
A.Itisriskybutbeneficial.
B.Itisinterestingandworthtrying.
C.Itiscrazyandcannotbecomeareality.
D.Itisimpracticalthoughtheoreticallypossible.
Passage3(2020·重庆高三开学考试)
Weareinlackofenoughsleep,accordingtoAriannaHuffington,theco-founderandeditor-in-chiefofTheHuffingtonPost.Andthishasgreatconsequencesonourhealth,ourjobperformance,ourrelationshipsandourhappiness.Whatisneeded,sheboldlydeclares,isnothingshortofasleeprevolution.Onlybyrenewingourrelationshipwithsleepcanwetakebackcontrolofourlives.InherbestsellerThrive,Ariannawroteaboutourneedtoredefinesuccessthroughwellbeing,wisdom,wonder,andgiving.Herdiscussionoftheimportanceofsleepasagatewaytothismorefulfillingwayoflivingstrucksuchapowerfulchord(弦)thatsherealizedthemysteryandtransformativepowerofsleepcalledforafullerinvestigation(调查).
Theresultisascientificallysweepingandpersonalexplorationofsleepfromallangles,fromthehistoryofsleep,totheroleofdreamsinourlives,totheconsequencesofsleepdeprivation(剥夺),andthenewgoldenageofsleepsciencethatisshowingthevitalrolesleepplaysinoureverywakingmomentandeveryaspectofourhealth—fromweightgain,diabetes,andheartdiseasetocancerandAlzheimer's.
InTheSleepRevolution,Ariannashowshowourculturalremovalofsleepastimewasteddamagesourhealthandourdecision-makingandourworklivesandshortensourpersonallives.Sheexploresallthelatestscienceonwhatexactlyisgoingonwhilewesleepanddream.Shedecidesthedangeroussleepingpillindustry,andallthewaysofouraddictiontotechnologydisturboursleep.Shealsooffersarangeofrecommendationsandtipsfromleadingscientistsonhowwecangetbetterandmorerestorativesleep.
9.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Theimportanceofsleep.
B.Thenecessityofimprovingsleep.
C.Thewaytoimproveoursleep.
D.Theeffectofsleeponhealth.
10.WhatcanbeinferredaboutArianna’sattitudetosuccess?
A.Shethinksgoodsleepismoreimportant.
B.Shedoesn’tthinkmuchofbecomingsuccessful.
C.Shethinksitwrongtosacrificehealthtosuccess.
D.Sheisconcernedaboutthenatureofsuccess.
11.WhatcanbesaidaboutArianna’sinvestigation?
A.Itisreallyofgreatvalue.
B.Itisscientificandhistorical.
C.ItcostsArianna’ssleepinpractice.
D.Itcoversallnecessaryaspectsscientifically,
12.WhatinfluencedoesTheSleepRevolutionhaveonsociety?
A.Ithelpstoslowdownthepaceofmodernlife.
B.Itwarnspeopleagainsttakingsleepingpills.
C.Itwarnstheharmofinadequatesleepofpeople.
D.Ithelpstostressthevalueofsleeptosuccess.
Passage4(2020·天津和平耀华中学高三一模)
Spendingoverayearinthebleak(荒凉的)Antarcticamightchangeyourbrainfortheworse,accordingtonewresearchoutthismonth.Itseemstoshowthatpolarexplorerswholivedfor14monthsatanAntarcticaresearchstationexperiencedbrainshrinkage,likelyasaresultoftheirlonelinessandboredom.
Thestudy’sauthorsusedMRI(核磁共振)toscanthebrainsofeightmembersofateambeforetheybeganalongstayattheGerman-runresearchstation.Duringtheirmission.theteamperiodicallytooktestsoftheircognitionandmemoryandprovidedbloodsamplesthatallowedthestudyauthorstomeasuretheirlevelsofaproteinimportantforbrainhealthcalledbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF).Whentheyreturned,theyhadtheirbrainsscannedagain.
Finally,comparedtothemselvesbeforethemission,theexplorers'brainsappearedtohavelessgreymatteronaverage.Theshrinkagewasmostapparentinthehippocampus,inareaofthebrainkeytomemoryandcognition.TheiraveragelevelsofBDNFalsodroppedduringthetripanddidn’timprovesignificantlyevenafterone-and-a-halfmonthsbackhome.
Thestudy'sfindings,publishedinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,aren'tthefirsttosuggestthatlongtimeofbeingseparatedcanchangethebrain.Butpracticallyallofthisworkhasinvolvedanimals,accordingtotheresearchers.
Ofcourse,aneight-personstudyissmall,soanyofitsconclusionsshouldbetakenwithcaution.LeadauthorAlexanderC.Stahn,nowaresearcheratthePerelmanSchoolofMedicineattheUniversityofPennsylvania,saidthattheeffectsonthehippocampusarelikelytemporary,providedthescientistsreturnedbacktoalifefilledwithsocialinteractionandinterestingthingstosee.
Still,sincepeoplewillcontinuetravelingtoandfromAntarcticaforlongperiodsoftime,thefindingsaredefinitelyworthkeepinginmindandexploringfurther.TheymightevenproverelevantfortherarefewpeoplewhomighttravelasfarasMarsinthefuture—perhapsthe
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