对英汉习语的理解及应用研究.docx
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对英汉习语的理解及应用研究.docx
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对英汉习语的理解及应用研究
Abstract
Idiomsareuniqueandfixedexpressionswhichareformedinusingalanguage.Idiomsaretheessenceofalanguage,andalsothequintessenceofanation’scultureandwisdom.TheunderstandingandapplicationofEnglishandChineseidiomsoccupiesaprominentplaceinthecommunication,especiallytheinter-culturecommunication.ThispaperprobesintotheunderstandingandapplicationofEnglishandChineseidioms.Inthisthesis,itdividesinfiveparts.Inthefirstpart,giveaintroductionofthepaper.thesecondpartisthedefinitionoftheChineseandEnglishidiomsandinthethirdpart,theauthorinvestigatefromtheperspectiveoftheculturaldifferences,whichshowsinseveralaspectsbetweenthetwolanguages,suchasthelivingenvironments,religiousbeliefs,differenttraditionsandcustomsandhistoricalallusions.Inthefourthpart,thethesisincludestheapplicationoftheidioms.Thelastpartistheconclusionofthethesis.
Keywords:
idioms;Applicationofidioms,ChineseandEnglishidioms
摘要
习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。
习语是语言的精华,也是一个民族文化与智慧的结晶。
英汉习语的理解和应用在整个交流中,尤其是跨文化交流中占着突出的地位。
本文旨在探讨英汉习语的理解和应用。
本论文分为五个部分,第一部分是本文的引入和介绍。
第二部分给英汉习语作了简短的定义。
第三部分,主要讲了英汉习语的理解方面,从文化方面的不同之处,主要是生活环境,宗教信仰,历史典故,和习惯风俗的不同之处进行了论证。
第四部分,主要探讨了习语的运用方面。
最后一部分为论文的总结。
Keywords:
习语,习语的运用,英汉习语理解
1.Introduction
2.DifferentdefinitionsofChineseandwesternidioms
2.1DefinitionofChineseIdioms
2.2DefinitionofEnglishIdioms
3.TheUnderstandingofChineseandEnglishIdiomsfromthePerspectiveofCulture
3.1DifferentHistoricalAllusions
3.2DifferentLivingEnvironment
3.3DifferentReligionsandBeliefs
3.4DifferentTraditionsandCustoms
4.TheApplicationofIdioms
4.1ApplicationinPoliticsandTechnology
4.2ApplicationinLiterature
4.3ApplicationinSlang
4.4ApplicationinVernacularLanguage
5.Conclusion
Introduction
Language has been keeping synchronous development with culture throughout the whole process of human cultures coming into being and their subsequent development. “Some scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, they maintain, culture would be impossible.” (Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing, 1989:
3.) “Language is the primary means by which a culture transmits its beliefs, values, and norms. It gives people a means of interacting with other members of the culture and a means of thinking.” (Dai Weidong, 1989).Idiomsareasetoffixedexpressionspeculiartoanationformedthroughtheuseoflanguageoveralongperiodoftime,includingcolloquialisms,proverbs,slangexpressionsandsoon,makinguponeoftheessentialpartsoflanguageofthatcountry.ChineseandEnglishspeakingcountriesespeciallyGreatBritainhavealonghistoryoflanguagesandthebackgroundofcultures.Mostofidiomsarevivid,carryingstronglocalcolorornationalfeatures.Someofthemareexplicit;someareimplicitandcanarousevarietiesofassociations;somemaycontainmorethanonemeaningandmustbejudgedfromthecontext.Iflanguageistheminorofculture,idioms,astheessenceoflanguage,arethequintessenceofculture.Therefore,theunderstandingandapplicationofEnglishandChineseidiomsareveryimportantinthecommunication,especiallyinacross-culturalcommunication.However,languageandculturearecloselyareconnected.Ontheonehand,languageispartofcultureandcarrierofculture.Ontheotherhand,culturehasgreatinfluenceonlanguage.Thatistosay,tounderstandtheEnglishandChineseidioms,asurveyandunderstandingoftheculturalinfluencesisveryimportant.Inordertocommunicatewitheachotherfluently,thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenidiomsandculturalinformationbehindthemissignificantandpromising.Differentpeoplefromdifferentculturesmayhavedifferentunderstandingsofthesamesentencebecausetheyknowlittleaboutthetargetcultures.WhiletheultimateaimofEnglishteachingasaforeignlanguageistocultivatestudents'competencetoapplyEnglishcorrectly,fluently,andappropriatelyincross-culturalcommunication.However,duetolackofknowledgeofculturaldifferences,manycollegestudentsfailtoachievethispurposeduringtheactualcommunicatingactivities.ItisnecessaryforustostudytheculturaldifferencesinsomefieldsbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.Languageisthemostprincipalmeansforinter-culturalcommunication.Idioms,apartoflanguage,aretheessenceofcultureineverycountry.Usinglanguageinsuchcommunication,weoftencomeacrosssomeidiomswithdistinctiveculturalcharacteristics,soitisaveryimportantandcomplicatedthingforustounderstandandusetheseidiomscorrectly.
John Lyons, an English linguist, pointed that, “language is a part of culture. Differences on the language usage will expose the features of the social culture in terms of the substances, customs and other activities.” (Lyons, 1977:
30).Languageisapartofculture.Itissafetosaythatlanguageisthelifelineofcultureandcultureistherailalongwhichthetrainoflanguagecanrumbleforward.Aspartoflanguage,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirrichnessandvividnessintheirvariedwaysofexpressions.Inaboardsense,mankindsharesthecommoncultureofhumanbeingsandculturalaspectsfeaturedineverynationmaysharesimilarities.Astwogreatlanguages,ChineseandEnglishhavebothdevelopedtheabundanceandvarietyofidioms,whichmakethemselvesmorevivid,moresuccinctandmoreexpressive.Mostidiomscomefromthelaboringpeople,fromancientlanguagesorforeignlanguages,inwhichliterature,historyandreligionetc,havegivenrisetomanysuchwonderfulphrasesandsentences.EugeneA.Nitadividedthecharacteroflanguagecultureintofivegroups:
Ecology,MaterialCulture,SocialCulture,ReligiousCulture,andLinguisticCulture.SowesummarizetheculturaldifferencesofEnglishandChineseidiomsintofouraspects:
livingenvironment,traditionalcustoms,religiousbeliefs,andhistoricalallusions.
ThispapermainlydiscussestheculturalbackgroundofChineseandEnglishidioms,aswellastheunderstandingandapplicationoftheidioms,whichcanhelpustobettercommunicatewitheachother.
2.DifferentdefinitionsofChineseandwesternidioms
Idiomistheessenceoflanguagethatpossessesauniquewayofexpressionbasedonitstime-honoreduse.(LiFuning,1979:
4)Inotherwords,anidiomisafixedgroupofwordsorasingleword,orevenasentence,withaspecialmeaningthatcannotbeguessedfromitsstructure.Thatistosay,themeaningofanidiommustbeunderstoodasawhole.Asimpledefinitionoftheidiomwouldbetheuseofcommonwordsinaspecialsense.
2.1DefinitionofChineseIdioms
InChinese,therealsoexistlinguisticconstructswhicharesimilartoEnglishidioms,so-called“Chengyu”.SimilartoEnglishidiom,“Chengyu”arealsolexicalorwordgroupsandphraseswhichareestablishedthroughlongtimeofuseandareacceptedthroughpractice.ThisisthedefinitionofChineseidiominanarrowsense.Inabroadsense,theChinese“equivalent”for“idiom”is“Chengyu”,itreferstoakindofasetphraseorsentencefixedbylongusage.AccordingtoCihai(Xia,1999),“Shuyuarefixedphrasesorsentencesofalanguage,whichcannotbemodifiedarbitrarily.Theymustbeinterpretedasasemanticunit.Theyincludesetphrases,proverbs,maxims,locutionsandtwo-partallegoricalsayings,etc.”AChineseidiomisnewlydefinedas“aChineseidiom,constitutedbywords,relativelyfixedinstructure,isanarrativelanguageunitwhichcanperformamultipleoffunctions.”(Wen,2005:
17)
2.2DefinitionofEnglishIdioms
AccordingtoWarren,theword“idiom”inEnglishisusedtodescribespecialphrasesthatareanessentialpartofalanguage.Thesephrasesneednotfollownormalgrammarrulesinthelanguageandcanhavebothidiomaticandlitermeaning.AnEnglishidiomisdefinedintheWebster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage,2ndcollegeedition,1972as“anacceptedphrase,construction,orexpressioniscontrarytotheusualpatternsofthelanguageorhavingameaningofdifferentfromliteral”.IntheCambridgeAdvancedLearner’sDictionary,itsdefinitionis“agroupofwordsinafixedorderhavingaparticularmeaning,differentfromthemeaningofeachwordunderstoodonitsown”.
Inabroadsense,Englishidiomscoverallofthefollowingforms:
setphrases,proverbs,commonsayings,colloquialisms,allusionsandslangs.Herethreeimportantformsofidiomsareselectedforexplanation.
Anidiomisaturnofphrasewhichmayseemincomprehensibletosomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththelanguageinwhichitisspoken.Asageneralrule,idiomsarealsoverydifficulttotranslate,exceptinaveryroundaboutway.Idiomsareextremelydifficulttolearn,andmanylanguagelearnerscitethemasoneofthemorechallengingpartsofthoroughlyunderstandinglanguageandculture.Becauseidiomsareusedsofrequentlyandextensively,severalcompaniesmakeidiomdictionarieswhichlistidiomsandtheirproperusageforlanguagelearners.
Weresomeonetolookatthewordsofanidiomalone,theymighthavedifficultyunderstandingthemeaningofthephrase.Forexample,manyEnglishspeakerssaythatsomeone“kickedthebucket”whentheydied.Thispeculiaruseoflanguageisnottakenliterally,butmostEnglishspeakersunderstandit,alongwiththousandsofotheridioms.Inotherinstances,anidiommayreferenceaculturalbodyofknowledgesuchasliterature,whichcanbeconfusingtosomeonewhoisnotsteepedinthatculture.
Popularsayingsareoftenidioms,asisthecasewith“letthecatoutofthebag.”Inthissense,acatisnotliterallybeingletoutofthebag,andthelistenerunders
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