外文翻译多样化数据资源.docx
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外文翻译多样化数据资源.docx
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外文翻译多样化数据资源
Whatsourcesofvariationexist?
Typicalsourcesofvariationinapipelineriskassessmentinclude
Differencesinthepipelinesectionenvironments
Differencesinthepipelinesectionoperation
Differencesintheamountofinformationavailableonthepipelinesection
Evaluator-to-evaluatorvariationininformationgatheringandinterpretation
Day-to-dayvariationinthewayasingleevaluatorassignsscores
Everymeasurementhasalevelofuncertaintyassociatedwithit.Tobeprecise,ameasurementshouldexpressthisuncertainty:
fti1in.,15.7”F~0.2’.Thisuncertaintyvaluerepresentssomeofthesourcesofvariationspreviouslylisted:
operatoreffects,instrumenteffects,day-to-dayeffects,etc.
Theseeffectsaresometimescalledmeasurement“noise”asnotedpreviouslyinthesignal-to-noisediscussion.Thevariationsthatwearetryingtomeasure.therelativepipelinerisks.arehopefullymuchgreaterthanthenoise.Ifthenoiselevelis
toohighrelativetothevariationofinterest,orifthemeasurementistooinsensitivetothevariationofinterest,thedatabecomelessmeaningful.Reference[92]providesdetailedstatisticalmethodsfordeterminingthe“usefulness”ofthe
measurements.
Ifmorethanoneevaluatoristobeused,itiswisetoquantifythevariationthatmayexistbetweentheevaluators.Thisiseasilydonebycomparingscoringbydifferentevaluatorsofthesamepipelinesection.Therepeatabilityoftheevaluatorcanbejudgedbyhavingherperformmultiplescoringsofthesamesection(thisshouldbedonewithouttheevaluator’sknowledgethatsheisrepeatingapreviouslyperformedevaluation).Ifthesesourcesofvariationarehigh,stepsshouldbetakento
reducethevariation.Thesestepsmayinclude
Improveddocumentationandprocedures
Evaluatortraining
Refinementoftheassessmenttechniquetoremovemoresubjectivity
Changesintheinformation-gatheringactivity
Useofonlyoneevaluator
Whyarethedatabeingcollected?
Clearlydefiningthepurposeforcollectingthedataisimportant.butoftenoverlooked.Thepurposeshouldtiebacktothemissionstatementorobjectiveoftheriskmanagementprogram.Theunderlyingreasonmayvarydependingontheuser,butitishopedthatthecommonlinkwillbethedesiretocreateabetterunderstandingofthepipelineanditsrisksinordertomakeimprovementsintheriskpicture.
Secondaryreasonsorreasonsembeddedinthegeneralpurposemayinclude
Identifyrelativeriskhotspots
Ensureregulatorycompliance
Setinsurancerates
Defineacceptablerisklevels
Prioritizemaintenancespending
Buildaresourceallocationmodel
Assigndollarvaluestopipelinesystems
Trackpipeliningactivities
Havingbuiltadatabaseforriskassessmentpurposes,somecompaniesfindmuchusefortheinformationotherthanriskmanagement.Sincetheinformationrequirementsforcomprehensiveriskassessmentaresoencompassing,thesedatabasesoftenbecomeacentraldepositoryandthebestreferencesourceforallpipelineinquiries.
VI.Conceptualizingariskassessmentapproach
Checklistfordesign
Asthefirstandarguablythemostimportantstepinriskmanagement,anassessmentofriskmustbeperformed.
Manydecisionswillberequiredindeterminingariskassessmentapproach.Whilealldecisionsdonothavetobemadeduringinitialmodeldesign.itisusefultohavearathercompletelistofissuesavailableearlyintheprocess.Thismighthelptoavoidbacktrackinginlaterstages,whichcanresultinsignificantnonproductivetimeandcost.Forexample,istheriskassessmentmodeltobeusedonlyasahigh-levelscreeningtoolormightitultimatelybeusedasasteppingstonetoariskexpressedinabsoluteterms?
Theearlierthisdeterminationismade,themoredirectwillbethepathbetweenthemodel’sdesignanditsintendeduse.
Thefollowingisapartiallistofconsiderationsinthedesignofariskassessmentsystem.Mostofthesearediscussedinsubsequentparagraphsofthischapter.
1.Purpose-Ashort,overallmissionstatementincludingtheobjectivesandintentoftheriskassessmentproject.
2.Audience-Whowillseeandusetheresultsoftheriskassessment?
Generalpublicorspecialinterestgroups
Local,state,orfederalregulators
Company-allemployees
Company-managementonly
Company-specificdepartmentsonly
3.Uses-Howwilltheresultsbeused?
Riskidentrficafion-theacquisitionofknowledge,suchaslevelsofintegritythreats,failureconsequencesandoverallsystemrisk,toallowforcomparisonofpipelinerisklevelsandevaluationofriskdrivers
Resourceallocation-whereandwhentospenddiscretionaryand/ormandatedcapitalandormaintenancefunds
Designormod&anoperatingdiscipline-reateanO&Mplanconsistentwithriskmanagementconcepts
Regulatorycomplianceforriskassessment-ifriskassessmentitselfismandated
Regulatorycomplianceforallrequiredactivities-flagsareraisedtoindicatepotentialnoncompliances
Regulatorycompliancewaivers-whererisk-basedjustificationsprovidethebasistorequestwaiversofspecificintegrityassessmentormaintenanceactivities
Projectappmvals+ostlbenefitcalculations,projectprioritizationsandjustifications
Preventivemaintenanceschedules-creatingmultiyearintegrityassessmentplansoroverallmaintenanceprioritiesandschedules
Duediligence-investigationandevaluationofassetsthatmightbeacquired,leased,abandoned,orsold,fromariskperspective
Liabilityreduction-reducethenumber,frequency,andseverityoffailures,aswellastheseverityoffailureconsequences,tolowercurrentoperatingandindirect
liability-relatedcosts
Riskcommunications-presentriskinformationtoanumberofdifferentaudienceswithdifferentinterestsandlevelsoftechnicalabilities
4.Users-Thismightoverlaptheaudiencegroup:
Internalonly
Technicalstaffonlwngineering,compliance,integrity,informationtechnology(IT)departments
Managers-budgetauthorization,technicalsupport,operations
Planningdepartment-facilityexpansion,acquisitions,andoperations
District-levelsupervisors-maintenanceandoperations
Regulators-ifregulatorsareshowntheriskmodeloritsresults
Otheroversight-itycouncil,investmentpartners,insurancecarrier,etc.-ifaccessgiveninordertodowhat-ifs,etc.
Publicpresentations-publicbearingsforproposedprojects
5.Resources-Whoandwhatisavailabletosupporttheprogram?
Data-type,format,andqualityofexistingdata
Sofhvare-urrentenvironments’suitabilityasresidenceforriskmodel
Hardware-urrentcommunicationsanddatamanage-mentsystems
Staff--availabilityofqualifiedpeopletodesignthemodelandpopulateitwithrequireddata
Monq~-availabilityoffundstooutsourcedatacollec-movements,thirdparty,humanerror,etc.
Industry-accesstobestindustrypractices,standards,andknowledge
6.Design-choicesinmodelfeatures,format,andcapabiliand
Scope
Failurecausesconsidered-corrosion,sabotage,landmovements,thirdparty,humanerror,etc.
Consequencesconsidered-publicsafetyonly,environment,costofserviceinterruption,employeesafety,etc.
Facilitiescovered-pipeonly,valves,fittings,pumps,tanks,loadingfacilities,compressorstations,etc.
Scoring-definescoringprotocols,establishpointranges(resolution)
Directionofscale-higherpointscanindicateeithermoresafetyormorerisk
Pointassignments-additionofpointsonly,multiplications,conditionals(ifXthenY),categoryweightings,independentvariables,flatormultilevelstructures
Resolutionissues-rangeofdiameters,pressures,andproducts
Defaults-philosophyofassigningvalueswhenlittleornoinformationisavailable
Zone-ofinfluencedistances-forwhatdistancedoesapieceofdataprovideevidenceonadjacentlengthsofpipe
Relativeversusabsolure4hoiceofpresentationformatandpossiblymodelapproach
Reporting-typesandfrequencyofoutputandpresentationsneeded
Generalbeliefs
Inadditiontobasicassumptionsregardingtheriskassessmentmodel,somephilosophicalbeliefsunderpinthisentirebook.Itisuselltostatetheseclearlyatthispoint,sothereadermaybealertedtoanypossibledifferencesfromherownbeliefs.Thesearestatedasbeliefsratherthanfactssincetheyarearguableand
othersmightdisagreetosomeextent:
Riskmanagementtechniquesarefundamentallydecisionsupporttools.Pipelineoperatorsinparticularwillfindmostvaluableaprocessthattakesavailableinformationandassimilatesitintosomeclear,simpleresults.Actionscanthenbebaseddirectlyonthosesimpleresults.
Wemustgothroughsomecomplexityinordertoachieve“intelligentsimplification.”Manyprocesses,originatingfromsometimescomplexscientificprinciples,are“behindthescenes”inagoodriskassessmentsystem.Thesemustbewelldocumentedandavailable,butneednotinterferewiththecasualusersofthemethodology(everyonedoesnotneedtounderstandtheengineinordertobenefitfromuseofthe
vehicle).Engineerswillnormallyseekarationalbasisunderpinningasystembeforetheywillacceptit.Therefore,thebasismustbewelldocumented.
Inmostcases,wearemoreinterestedinidentifyinglocationswhereapotentialfailuremechanismismoreaggressiveratherthanpredictingthelengthoftimethemechanismmustbeactivebeforefailureoccurs.
Aproperamountofmodelingresolutionisneeded.Themodelshouldbeabletoquantifythebenefitofanyandallactions,fromsomethingassimpleas“add
2newROWmarkers”allthewayupto“reroutetheentirepipeline.”
Manyvariablesimpactpipelinerisk.Amongallpossiblevariables,choicesarerequiredthatyieldabalancebetweenacomprehensivemodel(onethatcoversalloftheimportantstuff)andanunwieldymodel
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