英文翻译格式范本.docx
- 文档编号:8201851
- 上传时间:2023-01-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:7
- 大小:24.28KB
英文翻译格式范本.docx
《英文翻译格式范本.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英文翻译格式范本.docx(7页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英文翻译格式范本英文翻译格式范本RiggingthePriceforHigherEducationJohnS.BarryThereisnoquestionthatthecostofacollegedegreeisincreasingrapidly.Anoft-cited1996studybytheGeneralAccountingOfficefoundthattuitionandfeesatpublicinstitutionshaveincreasedsome234percentsince1980whilefamilyincomeandthegeneralinflationratehaveincreasedonlyabout80percentoverthesameperiod.Costsatprivatecollegeanduniversitieshavefaredlittlebetter,increasingmorethan220percent.Manyreasonshavebeengivenfortheincreasingcostsofhigheredition.Someofthemostpersuasiveincludetheincreaseddemandforcollegesdegrees,higheroverheadcostsassociatedwithincreasedfacultyresearch,rcentreductionsinstatesupportofpublicinstitutions,andfederalstudentaidprogramsthatindirectlysubsidizeschools.Theseallareimportantfactorsthatincreasecosts;however,thereisanotherreasonnot.oftenmentioned.Collegesanduniversities,particularlyeliteprivateuniversitiesexerciseacertaindegreeofmonopolypowerthatallowsthemtochargeeachindividualstudentahigherpricethanwouldbethecaseotherwise.Thisarticleaddresseseachofthereasonsforincreasedcosts.However,theemphasisisplacedonthelastone,themonopolisticpowerofschools.TheReasonsforIncreasingCostsIncreasedvalueofacollegedegree.Themostimportantreasoncollegecostshaveescalatedisthatthevalueofacollegeeducationhasincreased.Infact,accordingtotheGeneralAccountingOfficetheaveragecollegegraduateearnedabout43percentmorethantheaveragehighschoolgraduatedidin1980.Today,thedifferenceinearningsbetweenthesesametwogroupsismorethan70percent.Therefore,moreandmorefamiliesarefindingitnecessarytosucceedinthe,jobmarket.Atthesametime,thecollegeagepopulationingeneralhasincreased.Thisincreaseddemandforhighereducationhasdrivenupthepriceofcollegejustasincreaseddemandforanycommoditydrivesupthepriceifthatdemandisnotmetwithasufficientlyincreasedsupply.Increasedresearchatuniversities.Anotherfactoraffectingtuitioncostsatmanycollegesanduniversitiesisanincreasedemphasisonresearch.Theprestigeofacollegeoruniversitytodayislargelyafunctionofthepublishingprowessoftheinstitutionsprofessors.Publishingrequiresresearch,whichrequirestime.Thismeansthatprofessorsaredoinglessteachingandmoreresearch.Fewerhoursatthelecternforeachprofessormeanseitherthatcourseandclassselectionarereduced,whichforcesstudentstotakelongertofinishadegree,orthatmoreprofessorsarerequiredonstaff,whichforcestheinstitutiontospendmoreforsalaries.CharlesSykesmadethispointinhisexcellent1988book,Pro/scam.Eitherway,theresultishigherfixedoroverheadcosts,whichtypicallyarepassedontostudentsandparentsthroughhighertuitionandfees.Reducedstatefundingforpublicinstitutions.Inaddition,thecurrenteraoffiscalausterityingovernmenthasmeantslowergrowthinstatebudgets,whichoftenhasmeantslowergrowthinfinancialsupportofpublicuniversities.AccordingtoDpartmentofEducationstatistics,stategovernmentfundsaccountedfor46.3percentofpublicinstitutionrevenuesin1980.By1993thatfigurehaddroppedto36.8percent.Increasedtuitionhasbeentheonlyrecourseforpublicinstitutionssimultaneouslyfacedwithincreaseddemandandshrinkingstatesupport.Federalprogramsthatfacilitatefamilydebt.Federalprogramsmeanttoassiststudentsfacingsteepcollegecostshavethemselvesaddedtotheriseintuition.StartingwithpassageoftheHigherEducationActof1965,thefederalgovernmenthasguaranteedstudentloansextendedbyprivatebanks.TheStudentLoanMarketingAssociation(SallieMae)wasestablishedin1972asagovernment-sponsoredenterprisetoestablishasecondarymarketinstudentloans.Inaddition,alimiteddirectgovernmentloanprogramwasestablishedin1993.Theseloanprogramsnotonlyfacilitateindebtedness,butalsoboostthescaleofthatindebtednessbyencouragingsteepertuitionincreases.AsThomasDonlanrecentlywroteinBarronsmagazine,Thefacultyandstaffcanvotethemselveshighersalariesandmoreresourcesiftheonlyconsequenceisthatstudentsandparentsjusthavetosignonthedottedlinetoborrowsomemoremoney.Withfederaldebtassistancesoreadilyavailable,schoolshavenoincentivetocontrolthecostsofeducation.Schoolsasmonopolists.Increaseddemand,increasedresearch,andreducedstatefundingallaffectthestickerpriceofacollegedegree-theadvertisedtuitionthataschoolcharges.However,federalprograms(andtoalesserextentprivatescholarshipsandinstitutionalaid)thatsubsidizestudentsdirectlyaffectnotonlythestickerpriceofcollegebutalsotheactualpricepaidbyastudentandhisfamily.Moststudentsandtheirfamiliesdonotpaythefullstickerpricejustasfewpeoplepaythefullstickerpriceforanewautomobile.Infact,thankstosubsidizedloans,institutionalscholarships,statesubsidies,andfederalgrants,schoolscanusuallygetawaywithchargingeachstudentadifferentprice.Thus,thesameeducationtypicallycostseverystudentadifferentamount.Theabilitytochargedifferentstudentsdifferentpricesisknownineconomictermsaspricediscrimination.Onlyfirmswithmonopolisticpowerareabletoengageinpricediscrimination.Theresultofpricediscriminationisthatcollegesareabletochargeeachstudentexactlyasmuchasheorsheiswillingtopay.Whilethismayseemfairandfinancialaidisoftentoutedaslevelingtheplayingfield,thefactisthatpricediscriminationrarelybenefitsanyconsumers,eventhosewithlowincomes.Tounderstandthisimportantfirsttounderstandthebasisofeveryeconomictransactiontakesplaceinthemarketplace.Everyonewhotakespartinanyeconomictransactiondoessobecausehebelieveshewillbebetteroffafterthedealthanhebefore.Whyotherwiseshouldengageinthetrade?
Forexample,ifyou,thestudent,decideasemesterofclassesataparticularschoolfor$10,000thendecisionthatatpresentthatsemesterofclassesisworthmoretoyouthanholdingontothe$10,000.Ifthiswerenotthecasethenyouwouldbebetteroffholdingontothecashormakinganotherpurchase.Theextravalueyoureceivefromthattransaction-aboveandbeyondthe$10,000paid-isknownasyourconsumersurplus.Theuniversityismakingexactlythesamecalculationontheothersideofthedeal.Ifthetransactiontranspiresthentheschoolhasobviouslydecidedthatthe$10,000incashismorevaluablethannotspendingthetimeandresourcestooffertheclasses.Theexcessvalueonthissideoftheledgerisknownineconomictermsasproducersurplus.Thisexamplehelpsillustratethatatransactionwilltranspireonlywhenboththepurchaserandthesellerreceivesomesurplusvaluefromthedealandconversely,aneconomictransactionwillalwaysoccurifthereisasurplustobegainedbyboththeconsumerandtheproducer.Ofcourse,theactualamountofsurplusenjoyedbytheconsumerorproducerisdifficultifnotimpossibletomeasureinmostindividualmarkettransactions.However,itgenerallyistruethataconsumerwillreceiveagreatersurplusinacompetitivemarket(oneservedbymanyproducers),thaninamonopolisticmarket(oneserverdbyasmallnumberofproducers)andaprducerwillenjoyalargersurplusinamonopolisticmarket.Thisisbecauseinacompetitivemarkettheconsumercanswitchfromoneproducertoanotherifheisunhappywiththelevelofsurplusheisreceiving.Competitionamongproducerslowerspricesandthusincreasesconsumersurplusattheexpenseofproducersurplus.Firmsthathavemonopolisticpower,however,neednotcompetewithotherproducersasmuchandareabletoretainalargersurplusforthemselves.Inshort,monopolisticproducershavetheluxuryofdeterminingexactlyhowmuchanindividualwillpayfortheirservicesandchargingpreciselythatamount.Consumershavelittlechoicebuttopaythemonopolistsprice.What,then,isthelessonforhighereducation?
Collegesanduniversitieshavegreatermonopolisticpowertodaythaneverbefore.Thisfactcametotheforefrontin1991whenagroupofIvyLeagueschoolswereinvestigatedbytheDepartmentofjusticeforcollusioninsettingtheirtuitionprices.Inshort,theseschoolsagreedthattheywouldnolongeroffermerit-basedscholarshipsandwouldofferfinancialaidonthebasisofneedonly.Thus,theschoolsinvolvedagreedtoendeconomiccompetitionfortalentedstudents.TheDepartmentofjusticebrokeuptheIvyLeaguecartel.However,thishasnotputanendtotheexerciseofmonopolisticpowerbyschoolsofhigherlearning.Infact,thepowerofthemonopolyhasspreadbeyondasmallnumberofeliteinstitutionsandhasbeenwidelyadoptedbymoreordinarycollegesanduniversities.Inpart,thisexpansionisattributabletoafailuretomeettheincreaseddemandforhighereducationwithacommensurateincreaseinsupply.Itisdifficulttobuildanewcollegeoruniversity.Andsothesamenumberofschoolsisservinganincreasingnumberofstudents.Thiswilleventuallyevenoutasnewcollegesarecreatedandgainareputationinthemarketplace,butthatwilltaketime.Moredirectlyandconcernisthatfederalstudentaidhasenabledmonopolisticbyschools.Collegesanduniversitiesareabletoincreasethestickerpricebeyondthereachofmoststudentsandthenreducetheactualpricechargedindividualstudentsbyofferingthemvariousbundlesoffinancialaid.Thus,eachstudentisofferedadifferentpricethatmatchesalmostexactlywhatheorsheiswillingtopay.Theresultisthatthestudents(consumer)surplusisdecreasedandtheschools(producer)surplusisincreased.Intheend,studentswillbenefitlessfrom
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英文翻译 格式 范本