语言学.docx
- 文档编号:8201566
- 上传时间:2023-01-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:39
- 大小:42.29KB
语言学.docx
《语言学.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学.docx(39页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学
新编简明英语语言学教程
ANEWCONCISECOURSEONLINGUISTICSFORSTUDENTSOFENGLISH
Contents
•12Chapters4Parts
•Part1Chapter1(Thegeneralintroductionaboutlinguistics,togiveanansweraboutwhatislinguisticsandwhatislanguage,andsomeoftheircharacteristics.)
•Part2Chapter2/3/4/5/6(ItmainlyintroducesthedifferentbranchesoflinguisticssuchasPhonetics语音学,Phonology音系学,Morphology形态学,Syntax句法学,Semantics语义学,Pragmatics语用学。
)
•Part3Chapter7/8/9(Thispartmainlydiscussesthedevelopmentoflanguageandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyorculture.)
Linguistics
•1.Whatislinguistics(definition)?
•2.Itsscopeandsomedistinctionsthatareimportant?
Whatislinguistics(definition)?
•Thescientificstudyoflanguage.
•Toanswerthequestionssuchas:
•Whatislanguage?
•Howdoeslanguagework?
•Howdoeslanguagechange?
•Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?
•Etc..
Howtostudyandwhattostudy?
•Bysystematic有系统的investigationoflinguisticdata,数据,资料withreferencetosometheories,tofindthenatureandrulesunderlying在下面的languagesystem.
•linguisticsstudieslanguagesingeneral,notanyparticularlanguage.
Thescopeandsomedistinctionsoflinguistics
•Branchesoflinguistics:
(page2-3)
•Phonetics语音学,Phonology音系学,Morphology形态学,Syntax句法学,Semantics语义学,Pragmatics语用学。
•Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformthecore核心oflinguistics.
•Importantdistinctions区别:
•1.Prescriptive规定的vs.descriptive描述的,叙述的
•2.Synchronic共时的vs.diachronic历时的
•3.Speechvs.writing
•4.Languevs.parole
•5.Competencevs.performance
•6.Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
1.Prescriptivevs.descriptive
•Todescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.(descriptive描述式)
•Tolaydownrulesorstandardsforlanguageuse,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.(prescriptive规定式)
•Example:
Youareclever!
Youcleverare.
2.Synchronicvs.diachronic
•Synchronic(共时):
thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
•Diachronic(历时):
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
•Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriority优先overadiachronicone.(synchronic>diachronic)
•Example:
词典和小说
3.Speechvs.Writing
•Twomajorformormediaoflinguisticcommunication
•Modernlinguisticsregardsspokenlanguageastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.
•So,linguists’datacollectionmostlybasedonspeechsinceitismoreauthentic.可靠的,真实的
4.Languevs.parole誓言,语言
•F.deSaussure索热而,Swisslinguist,瑞士语言学家early20thcentury,asociologicalview.
•Langue:
theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
•Parole:
therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
5.Competencevs.performance
•N.Chomsky,U.S.,late1950’s,apsychologicalview.
•Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage.
•Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
•AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalized使内在化asetofrulesabouthislanguage,thisenables使能够himtoproduceandunderstandanypracticaluseoflanguage,butthespeakermaynotgiveaconcrete具体的,实际的descriptionabouttheserules,andthisisthetaskofthelinguists,thatistodiscoverandspecify明确说明theserules.
•二者基本一致,只是角度不同。
6.Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
•Traditionalgrammarmeanstheapproachthattraditionallyformedtostudylanguageinthelonghistory.
•Bycomparison,themodernlinguisticsplacesmoreemphasis强调,加强ondescriptive,spokenlanguage,andnopre-settledform.
•Page6-7,check.
Language
•Definition:
languageisasystemofarbitrary任意的专制的vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
•1.asystem(combinedaccordingtorules)
•2.arbitrary(symbolandmeaning)
•3.vocal(writingsystemismuchlater)
•human-specific,differentfrombirdsongs,beedances
Designfeatures(本质特征)
•Designfeatures(byCharlesHockett,U.S.):
•1.arbitrariness(任意性)
•2.productivity(创造性)
•3.duality(二重性)
•4.displacement(移位性)
•5.culturaltransmission(文化传递性)
1.Arbitrariness(任意性)
•Nological有逻辑的connectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”
•Therearestillasmallpercentage百分比ofwordsthatarenon-arbitrary.(onomatopoeicwordssuchasgrunt,rumble,crash,bang,pingpang,etc.)
•So,languagehasanunlimitedsourceofexpressionsbyitsnatureofarbitrariness.
2.Productivity(创造性)
•Productivityisunique独一无二的tohumanlanguage.
•Productiveorcreative,itispossibleforlanguageuserstoproduceandunderstandaninfinitely无限地,无穷地largenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore(andtosendnewmessages).
•Muchofwhatwesayandhearwearesayingandhearingforthefirsttime.
•Haveyoueverfoundsomenewexpressionscreatedbyanimals?
3.Duality(二重性)
•Languageisasystemoftwolevels:
•Thelowerone,sounds.
•Thehigherone,differentexpressionsdifferentmeaning.
•Example:
/k/,/a:
/,/p/canbegroupedascarp挑剔andpark,tosignifydifferentthings.
•Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessing占有具有it.
4.Displacement(移位性)
•Torefertothingsthatarepresentornotpresent.(ghost,France,panda,黄帝,theSecondWorldWar,orwhatever.)
•Animalscanjustgiveresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.
•Example:
Youcantalkwithyourfriendaboutthefutureofyourlife,canyouimaginethatadogcanexpressitsplanabouttomorrow?
5.Culturaltransmission(文化传递性)
•Ageneticbasisforlanguage,wewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofonelanguageshouldbetaughtandlearned.
•Languageispassedonthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct本能,直觉.
•Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted(通过遗传),theyareborntoproducethesetofcallspeculiar奇特的,特殊的totheirspecies.
Questions
•1.CanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic拟声的?
(onomatopoeia拟声法)
•2.Whichbranchoflinguisticsdoyoulikemost,andwhy?
•3.DoyouthinkChineseisbetterthanEnglish,ordoyouthinkEnglishisbetterthanFrench?
Why?
Doyouagreewiththeviewthatnolanguageisespeciallysimple?
ChapterTwoPhonology
2.1Thephonicmediumoflanguage
•Languageconsistsofsounds,butnotallthesoundscanserveasthespeechsounds,so,onlyalimitedrangeofsoundsareusedinhumancommunication.
•Thesesoundsarethephonicmediumoflanguage,theyaretheSpeechsounds.
2.2Phonetics语音学
•Thereisabranchoflinguisticswhichconcernsthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,Phonetics,itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.
2.2.1Branchesofphonetics
•1.articulatory(发音)phonetics
•2.auditory(听觉)phonetics
•3.acoustic(声学)phonetics
2.2.2Organsofspeech
•Thearticulatoryapparatus:
•1.thepharyngeal咽部的cavity(thethroat)
•2.theoralcavity(themouth)
•3.thenasalcavity(thenose)
Thepharyngealcavity(thethroat)
•Airrunsfromlungs肺throughwindpipes气管tolarynx(喉),itcomestotheglottis(声门),here,itismodifiedbyvocal声音的,有声的cordsforthefirsttime.
•vocalcords(声带):
twothintissues,theycanholdthebreath,andtheycanlettheairflownormally.Whentheyvibratewiththeairstream,itresultsinthechangeofspeechsounds.
•Voicing浊音:
thesoundswithvibration震动calledvoicing(浊)
•Voiceless清音的:
thesoundswithnovibrationcalledvoiceless(清)
•Example:
/p//b/,/t//d/,etc..
Theoralcavity
•Thespeechorgansinthiscavity:
•Tongue,uvula小舌,softpalate(velum),hardpalate,teethridge(alveolus),teethandlips.
•Thegreatestsourceofmodification修饰oftheairstream.
Thenasalcavity
•Whentheairpassesthroughthenose,itisnasalized.
•ThereareonlythreenasalconsonantsinEnglish:
/m//n///
2.2.3Transcription
•Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds,itistousealettertorepresentaspeechsound.ThustheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPAforshort)cameintobeing.
•BroadTranscription:
withletter-symbolsonly
•NarrowTranscription:
letter-symbolstogetherwithdiacritics(变音符号)。
•Diacriticscanmakethetranscriptionmoreprecise.严谨的,精确的
•Example:
leaf/l/(clear),feel//(dark)
2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSounds
•Vowelandconsonant辅音
•Inproducingavowel,theairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetsnoobstruction.阻塞/i:
//a:
//e/etc..
•Onthecontrary,inproducingaconsonant,theairstreammaybeobstructed阻塞atsomeplace,hereorthere./m//s//p/etc..
Consonants
•Englishconsonantsareclassifiedintwoways(twocriteria):
•stop(塞音,plosive爆破音),fricative(擦音),affricate(塞擦音),liquid(流音),nasal(鼻音),glide(半元音)——intermsofmannerofarticulation
•bilabial(双唇音),labiodental(唇齿音),dental(齿音),alveolar(齿龈音),palatal(腭音),velar(软腭音),glottal(声门音)——intermsofplaceofarticulation
mannerofarticulation
•stop(塞音,plosive爆破音),[p][b][t][d][k][g]
•fricative(擦音),[f][v][s][z][][][][][h]
•affricate(塞擦音),[t][d]
•liquid(流音,retroflex,卷舌音),[r][l]
•nasal(鼻音),[m][n][]
•glide(半元音)[w][j]
placeofarticulation
•bilabial(双唇音),[p][b][m][w]
•labiodental(唇齿音),[f][v]
•dental(齿音),[][]
•alveolar(齿龈音),[t][d][s][z][n][l][r]
•palatal(腭音),[][][][][j]
•velar(软腭音),[k][g][]
•glottal(声门音)[h]
vowels
•Threecriteria标准规范:
•1.accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest:
front,central,back
•2.theopennessofthemouth:
closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,openvowels.
•3.theshapeofthelips:
roundedvowels,unroundedvowels.
•Someothercriteria:
•1.thelengthofthesounds(larynx喉)
【longvowel(ten
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学