地理科学外文翻译.docx
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地理科学外文翻译.docx
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地理科学外文翻译
RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:
ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANA
SusanBouillon
LegalAdvisor:
CityCouncilofPretoria
INTRODUCTION
FranklinD.Rooseveltoncesaidthat‘Everypersonwhoinvestsinlandnearagrowingcity,adoptsthesurestandsafestmethodofbecomingindependent,forlandisthebasisofwealth.’
ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheruralandurbanlanddevelopmentandlandtenuresystemsofSouthAfricaandBotswana,andtoexplaintheircontributionstourbansustainability.
DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANA
BotswanaislocatedatthecentreoftheSouthAfricanplateau,andisborderedbySouthAfricaonthesouthandsoutheast,ZimbabweonthenortheastandNamibiaonthewestandnorthwest.Approximately23%ofthepopulationisinurbanareasand77%inruralareas.Botswanahasarichtribalculture,andthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheBotswanalegalsystemconsistsoflocaltribalcourts,whichadjudicatetraditionalmattersandTribalLandBoards,whichruleonlandusemattersintriballandsandtraditionalvillages.TownCouncilsruleonlandusemattersinurbanareas.
ThegovernmentofBotswanahasadoptedasystemofdevelopmentplanningwhichhascopedrelativelywellcomparedwithotherAfricancountries.Developmentplanninginvolvesthepreparationoflanduseplansforbothurbanandruralareas.ThepracticeinBotswanaisthatthepublicismadeawareoftheimplicationsoflanduseplansbeforelandiszonedforvarioususes.Publicawarenessandparticipationisensuredbygivinglandusersanopportunitytoselectpreferredlanduseoptionsfromarangeofoptionsdeterminedthroughtheevaluationofphysicalandeconomicsuitabilityoflandresources(bottom-upapproach).
PROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINBOTSWANA
ItisthepolicyoftheGovernmentthatallcitizensshouldhaveeasyandequalaccesstoland.Inordertorealizethis,threelandtenuresystemshavebeenputinplace.Triballandcovers71%ofthetotallandareaofthecountry.Itisallocatedtocitizensfreeofchargeforalltypesofuses.Statelandisownedbythestateandcomprises23%ofthetotalarea.MostofthislandisusedasNationalParks,orForestandGameReserveswithinwhichnosettlementsarepermitted.However,asmallpercentageofthislandisallocatedforresidentialpurposes,particularlyinurbancenters.Freeholdlandcomprisesonly6%ofthetotalareaandisprivatelyowned.Mostofthegovernmentpoliciestodatearethereforedirectedattriballand.
RURALLAND
Priortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.
TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.
LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana.Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse.Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse.Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright-holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithinfiveyearsorwherethelandwasnotdistributedfairly.Intheseinstances,thelanddoesnotreverttothegovernmentbutisreallocatedbythelandboardtootherapplicants.Thispolicywasthereforeamajorprogrammethroughwhichruraldevelopmentwastobeachieved.
Thedistrictsuptonowcontinuetoprepareandupdatetheirrespectiveintegratedlanduseplans.Inthepreparationofsuchplansthecommunitieshavemajorinputswithregardtothevariouslanduses.Thisisinrealizationofthefactthattohaveanimplementableandsustainablelanduseplan,thecommunitiesshouldbetheoneswhodecidetheusesonaparticulartypeofland.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatnotalldistrictshavesuchplans.
URBANLAND
AnurbancentreinBotswanaisdefinedasAllsettlementsonstatelandandsettlementsontriballandwithapopulationof5000ormorepersonswithatleast75%ofthelaborforceinnon-agriculturaloccupations.Generally,anurbancentreshouldbeseentoprovideitspopulationwithinfra-structuralandenvironmentalservicessimilartothatwhichexistsinamoderncity.Rural-urbanmigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofurbanareas.Severalurbandevelopmentpolicieshavebeenevolvedovertheyearstoguidethegrowthanddevelopmentoftheurbanareas.DuetothefactthatalargepartofthepeopleofBotswanaarelivinginruralareas,mostofthedevelopmentisaimedattheruralareas,butafewprogrammeswereintroducedinordertobetterthecircumstancesofthoselivinginurbanareas.TheSelfHelpHousingProgrammewasintroducedtoassistthelowincomeurbanhouseholdstodeveloptheirownhouses.Underthisscheme,theGovernmentprovidesbasicservicessuchasroads,waterstandpipes,andapit-latrinetoeachplot.PlotholdersweregiventenurialsecuritythroughaCertificateofRights.Thisprogrammehasalsobeenusedinupgradingthesquattersettlementswhichexistedpriortoitsinception.
Shortageofservicedlandhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorconstraintstourbanhousingdevelopment.Thereforeamajorlandservicingprogramme,theAcceleratedLandServicingProgramme,wasintroduced.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastoservicelandforalluses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrial,inallurbanareas.AHousingDepartmenthasbeenestablished,whichischargedwiththeresponsibilityofpromotinghousingdevelopmentandimprovementthroughpolicyinitiativesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforshelterprovision.
TheTownandCountryPlanningAct,whichisthemainlegislationguidingphysicalplanninginBotswana,makesprovisionsforanorderlyandprogressivedevelopmentandcontroloflandinbothurbanandruralareas.TheUrbanDevelopmentStandardsandtheDevelopmentControlCodealsofacilitatetheorderlyplanningofsettlements.Sustainableurbandevelopmentdependsontheavailabilityofcleanwatersupplyandprovisionofinfrastructureforsanitationandwastemanagement.Anintegratedapproachintheprovisionofenvironmentallysoundinfrastructuresinhumansettlementsisseenasaninvestmentthatfosterssustainabledevelopmentandthatcanimprovethequalityoflife,increaseproductivity,improvehealth,andreducepoverty.
Althoughtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentgainedprominenceontheinternationalsceneonlyafewyearsback,ithasbeenoneoftheobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginBotswanasinceindependencein1966.Thetermhasappearedasanobjectiveinallthesubsequentdevelopmentplans,butitsmeaninghasbeenexpandedtoreflectthechangingdevelopmentrealitiesovertheyears.
LANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICA
TheshapeandformofthecitiesinSouthAfricaaretheresultofconsciousapartheidplanninginthepast.WhenSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcameintopowerin1994,itinheritedthefragmented,unequalandincoherentplanningsystemswhichdevelopedunderapartheid.Duringapartheid,landdevelopmentplanninginthethenfourprovinces,tenhomelandsandthe‘grouparea’racialzones,fellundermanydifferentlaws,ordinances,proceduresandregulations.Therewasalackofcoordination,anunequaldistributionof
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