英语.docx
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英语.docx
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英语
AsmallandimpoverishedJewishcommunityremainedprimarilyinSafedandinGalilee.
InconformitywithRomancustom,Jerusalemwasthen“ploughedupwithayokeofoxen,”
politicalconsolidationunderJewishrulewasattained
followingEmperorConstantine’sconversiontoChristianity(313)andthefoundingoftheByzantineEmpire
whowerestillinspiredbymessianichopesofdeliverance
theJewsweregrantedtheadministrationofJerusalem
Subsequently,theByzantinearmyreenteredthecity(629)andagainexpelleditsJewishpopulation.
masadaiswhereagroupofJewishZealotssoughtrefugeandheldoutagainstaRomansiegeforsevenmonths
ThisheroicstandandtheZealots’valiantdeianceoftheRomansisrememberedintheoathmadebyIsraeliarmyrecruitsthat“Masadashallnotfallagain.”
wheretheprophetMuhammadwasbelievedtohaveascendedtoheaven.
AttheoutsetofIslamicrule,JewishsettlementinJerusalemwasresumed,andtheJewishcommunitywasgrantedpermissiontoliveunder“protection,”
theintroductionofrestrictionsagainstnon-Muslimsin717affectedthe
Jews’publicconduct,religiousobservances,andlegalstatus,
Mostofthecity’snon-Christianinhabitantsweremassacred;
theJewswereagainaccordedacertainmeasureoffreedom,
thetownhadbecomeathrivingtextilecenteraswellasthefocusofintenseintellectualactivity.
muchofthelandwasownedbyabsenteelandlordsandleasedtoimpoverishedtenantfarmers.
Taxationwascripplingandcapricious.
Otherssoughttoescapethepogroms(organizedmassacres)prevalentinRussia
Nineteenth-centurywesternEuropeprovidedsomeopportunitiesfor
Jewstomovefromtheghettosandbeassimilated,orincorporated,into
generalsociety.
AlexanderIIwasassassinatedin1881.
AlexanderIIIinstitutedoppressivepolicies.
theysoughtrefugeintheideaofreconstitutingaJewishstate—butasecularandsocialistone.
heobservedthetrialofCaptainTheodorHerzlinBasel,SwitzerlandAlfredDreyfusandwasaffectedbythefalseaccusationsof“traitor”leveledagainsttheFrenchJewisharmyofficerandbytheepisodesofanti-SemitismthataccompaniedthetrialandthedisgraceofDreyfus.
theresponsetocenturiesofdiscrimination,persecution,andoppression.
TheverynameofPalestinewouldattractourpeoplewithaforceofmarvelouspotency”
OnAugust23,1897,inBasel,Switzerland,HerzlconvenedthefirstWorldZionistCongress,
Herzlnegotiatedforlandwithanumberofworldleaders
Zionismwasseenasasecular(andsocialist)movementthatcontradictedJewishbeliefandtradition.
sustainingacentralsenseofdevotionandJewishritualobservance.
Thewarprovidedanopportunityforsubstantialpoliticalmaneuveringbythegreatpowersseekingenhancedpositionsintheregionaswellasbyindigenouspeoplesandleaders.
developedschemesforthedivisionoftheterritoriesofthedefeatedOttomanEmpireafterthewar’send.
thiswouldfacilitatetheAlliedwareffortagainstitsadversaries.
InanexchangeofcorrespondencebetweenHusseinandtheBritishhighcommissionerinEgypt,
AlthoughtheBritishexcludedthatareafromHussein’sproposeddomain,McMahon’sremarksleftthispledgesomewhatambiguousduringthehostilitiessoastoensureArabsupportagainsttheOttomans.
Theambiguityallowedfornumerousandvariousinterpretations.
U.S.presidentWoodrowWilsonpersonallyendorsedthedeclarationandtheU.S.Congress,in1922,unanimouslyapprovedajointresolutionsupportingtheBalfourDeclaration.
Ihavemuchpleasureinconveyingtoyou,onbehalfofHisMajesty’sGovernment,thefollowingdeclarationofsympathywithJewishZionistaspirationswhichhasbeensubmittedto,andapprovedby,theCabinet:
beganhiscareerasafacultymemberinbiochemistryattheUniversity
wasinstrumentalinsecuringtheBalfourDeclaration.
WeizmannheadedtheZionistdelegationtotheParisPeaceConference.
headdressedtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblytopleadfortheestablishmentofaJewishstate.
WeizmannbecamepresidentofIsrael’sprovisionalgovernmentinMay1948,
IncludedintheBritisharmywerethreebattalionsoftheJewishlegion,consistingofthousandsofJewishvolunteers.
AnarmisticewasconcludedwithTurkeyonOctober31,1918,andallofPalestinecameunderBritishmilitarycontrol.
incurredthedispleasureofbothparties
Insteadofmakingthedecisionsoonafterthecessationofhostilities,theBritisheffectivelypostponeditandinsteadtookuponthemselvestoretaincontrolofPalestine.
administrativeandpoliticalframework
ThehistoryofthemodernJewishstate,fromanadministrativeandbureaucraticperspective,beginswiththecreationofthemandate.
thousandsofhighlycommittedandwell-trainedsocialistZionists
ArmsweresmuggledtotheHaganah
TheHaganahguardedsettlements,manufacturedarms
whicheventuallybecamethebasisfortheforeignministryandotheragencieswithdiplomaticmissionsoutsideIsraelandforthefunctionsrelatingtoimmigrantsandliaisonwiththeJewishDiaspora.
Ben-GurionwasconvincedthattheRevisionistsandtheirmoremilitantstancewereendangeringthedrivetowardeventualstatehoodandsoughttoundermineanddiscreditRevisionism.
Ben-Gurionintensiiedtheseefforts.
theJewishAgency’sexecutivecommittee
dramatizethesignificanceofpioneeringandreclaimingthedesert.
heandsomefollowerscontestedtheelection
ideologicalandtacticaldifferencesbetweentheNZOandtheWZOhaddiminished,
SuccessivewavesofJewishimmigrantsarrivedinPalestine
thewatersoftheJordanRiverwereharnessedfortheproductionofelectricpower
theDeadSea’smineralpotentialwastapped.
Galleriesandhallsweresetuptoprovidevenuesforexhibitionsandperformances.
Britishgovernmentissueaclearstatementofpolicyonthemeaningsofthemandateprovisions
reachednodeinitivepolicy.
InNovember1935,theArabsinPalestinepetitionedtheBritishauthoritiestohaltlandtransferstotheJews,toterminatefurtherJewishimmigrationuntiltherewasanevaluationoftheabsorptivecapacityofthecountry.
Hebrewrepresentstheonlyinstanceofalanguagesuccessfullyrevivedasaspokenlanguageafterithadceasedtobespoken.
TheimmediateresultwasaspectaculardevelopmentofHebrewliterature
avigorousliteraturedeveloped.
However,Britainwouldnotrenounceitsobligations
AngerandprotestfromboththeArabsandtheZionistsensued.
BritainendorsedthePeelplan.
anewandmoreviolentphaseoftheArabrevoltbegan.
thePeelCommission’sproposalswerenotfeasible,
itwouldleavealargeArabminoritywithintheboundaries
thissolutionoftheproblemisimpracticable.
thatcalledforsevererestrictionsonJewishimmigration
breachoffaith.
AstheNaziarmiessweptthroughEurope,Jewswerepersecuted,subjectedtopainandhumiliation,andherdedintoghettos.
murderedinmassshootingsoringaschambers.
TheJewishBrigadeandPalmachveteranswouldlaterconstitutethecoreoftheIDFofficercorps.
destroyedbyabombingcommitted
thearmedwingofthe
Revisionistmovement.
In1937,anagreementwiththeHaganahforthemergerofthetwodefensebodiesledtoasplitinEtzelinApril1937.
resultedinalargenumberofArabciviliancasualties.
whichconsequentlywentupinlamesoffTelAviv.
ThepracticalandhumanitarianproblemswerefacedbyU.S.militaryforcesconfrontinglargenumbersofdisplacedEuropeanJews
TrumansuggestedtheneedtoopenthegatestoPalestinefordisplaced
Jewsseekingrefuge.
anAnglo-AmericanCommitteeofInquiry,composedofrepresentativesappointedbytheirrespectivegovernments,
Amongtherecommendationswastheimmediateissuingof
100,000immigrationcertiicatesforPalestinetoJewishvictimsofNaziandFascistpersecution.
FacedwithcontinuedBritishopposition,theyishuvdecidedtocommenceillegalJewishimmigrationtoPalestine.
Theenormousdrainonhumanandeconomicresources
thecrucialdecisionwastaken
AspartoftheZionistlobbyingeffort,
indeianceoftheBritishauthorities.
Mediacoverageofthestrugglefurthergalvanizedinternationalcriticism
ofGreatBritain’spolicies.
thecitywasdeemedtooholytobeaccordedtoeither.
resolutionhasdestroyedtheCharterandalltheconvenantsprecedingit.
thepressureexertedonvariousrepresentativesofthisOrganisation
theGovernmentofSaudiArabiaregisters,onthishistoricoccasion,
Furthermore,
itreservestoitselfthefullrighttoactfreelyinwhateverwayitdeemsfit,inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofrightandjustice.
TheseclashingperspectivesprovidedabasisfortheongoingArab-Israeliconlict.
struggleforregionalmastery.
Israel’sdeclarationwasgreetedwithjubilationamongJews
Heretheyirstattainedtostatehood,createdculturalvaluesofnationalanduniversalsigniicanceandgavetotheworldtheeternalBookofBooks.
Impelledbythishistoricandtraditionalattachment,Jewsstroveineverysuccessivegenerationtore-establishthemselvesintheirancienthomeland.
conferupontheJewishpeoplethestatusofafully-privilegedmemberofthecomityofnations.
undauntedbydificulties,restrictionsanddangers,andneverceasedtoasserttheirrighttoalifeofdignity,freedomandhonesttoilintheirnationalhomeland.
ThisrecognitionbytheUnitedNationsoftherightoftheJewishpeopletoestablishtheirStateisirrevocable.
ThisrightisthenaturalrightoftheJewishpeopletobemastersoftheirownfate,likeallothernations,intheirownsovereignState.
WEEXTENDourhandtoallneighbouringstatesandtheirpeoplesinanofferofpeaceandgoodneighbourlinessmutualhelp
WEAPPEA
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