英语四级议论文写作辅导.docx
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英语四级议论文写作辅导.docx
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英语四级议论文写作辅导
英语四级议论文写作辅导
1.议论文的格式:
议论文的格式应由三个部分组成:
<1>立论部分;<2>论证部分;<3>结论部分。
一般说来,议论文可分三个基本段落来写:
第一段引出话题;第二段立论且加以论证;第三段给出明确的结论。
第二段是中心段落,应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中,同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性,且应尽量做到首尾呼应,切忌前后矛盾。
2.段落的统一性及语篇的连贯性
(1段落的统一性
英语段落有一大特点,即一个段落只涉及一个主题(甚至只是一个主题的某个方面。
段落中的一个句子点出主题并说明作者对该主题的看法,而其它所有句子都是为展开该主题而给出的事实、例证、推理,它们与主题紧密相关。
段落中不应有一个与主题无关的句子。
英文段落的这种各个句子与主题的关联性被称作段落的统一性。
请看以下两例:
(1
Birdsbuildtheirnestsinallkindsofplaces.Somearehighintrees,onthesidesofbuildingsoronthetopofhillswhileothersontheground,infieldsorbystreambanks.Birdsalsousevariousnestingmaterialstobuildtheirnests,includingsticks,mud,stones,grassandsoon.Somebirdsareabletochangetobesuitablefordifferentconditions.They’llbuildtheirnestswherevertheycanfindaspotandusewhatevermaterialstheycanfind.Butotherbirdswillbuildtheirnestsonlyincertainplacesanduseonlycertainmaterials.
(2语篇的连贯性
英语议论文的段落多采取直线展开式,即段落开始直接切入主题,并给出事实、例证、推理等。
英语议论文段落这种展开方式是形成其语篇连贯的基础。
语篇的连贯是指段落中各句的意义通过某种有序的排列(如时间顺序、因果顺序、逻辑顺序等而相互关联。
在论述该段落主题的时候,每后一个句子都是建立在前面一个句子的基础之上的。
如果去掉段落中的一个句子,这种连贯便会受到影响,就会造成读者在理解上的困难。
3.议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据、议论文中常用的词句与短语
(1议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据
一篇议论文能否获得高分与其中心段落主题句的质量不无关联,而主题句质量的高低则又取决于审题的好坏和论据的选择(即所选的论据在逻辑性、说理性、准确性及与主题内容的关联性等方面是否都经得起推敲。
需要明确的是,中心段落只应有两个组成部分:
段落的主题句和支持主题句的论据。
段落的主题句也应有两个部分组成,即:
主题句=主题+作者对主题的看法或态度,两者缺一不可。
假设应试者被要求写一篇有关吸烟的议论文,那么SMOKING就是中心段落的主题。
请看下面这个主题句:
Smokingisahabitofmanymen.
该主题句暴露出两个问题:
(1作者审题不清;(2作者没有表明对主题的看法或态度。
一般说来,议论文要求应试者阐明自己对某问题的看法或态度。
因此当我们拿到议论文的题目以后,要认真审题,权衡某事的利与弊,然后确定我们的立场。
如何构建段落的主题句呢?
拿到议论文的题目以后,经认真审题后,用英文列出你所能想起的与主题有关的例证。
我们还用吸烟这个话题为例:
SMOKING
1.Smokingcancausesuchadiseaseaslungcancer.
2.Reportssaythatmerely3gramsofnicotinecankillalargeanimal.
3.Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15
minutesandthatchainsmokingisevenmorehazardous.
4.Smokingafteramealcanalsodisturbone’sdigestivesystem.
5.Heavysmokingcanseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality.
6.Smokingdoesharmtosecond-handsmokersaswell.
7.Smokingmakesone’smouthsmell.
8.Thelifeexpectancyofsmokersisshorterthanthatofnonsmokers.
9.Smokinginbedmaycausefire..
(2
Smokingisabadhabitthatdoesalotofharmtohumanhealth.Cigarettesmokingdoesgreatharmtohumanhealth.Inmanycases,cigarettehasprovedtobethedirectcauseofsuchafataldiseaseascancer-henceitsnickname,"CancerStick".Expertssaythatsmokingonecigarettecanreduceone’slifebyabout15minutesandthatchainsmokingisfarmorehazardous.Recentfindingsofmedicalresearchshowthatevenatinydropofnicotine(about3gramsinweightcankillalargeanimallikeahorse.Somemedicalreportshavealsoprovedthatheavysmokingwouldseriouslyaffectanadult’ssexuality,andsmokingafteramealalsodisturbsone’sdigestivesystem.Cigarettesmokingnotonlyjeopardizesthephysicalhealthofasmoker,italsoaffectsthehealthofanonsmokerwhopassivelyinhalesthepollutedairintohisorherlungswhenheorsheisexposedtoawindingshroudofcigarettesmoke.Theimpactonsuchpassivesmokers(alsocalledsecond-handsmokers,accordingtotheexpertsinthemedicalfield,canbeevenmoredamaging,andthatiswhysmokingisusuallyprohibitedinmostpublicplaces.(196words
(2议论文中常用的词句与短语
一.数据对比用语:
1.…aresimilarintheirrangeofindicators
2.…cause/leadtoarapid/slowincrease/decreaseinthenumber/amountof…
3.…cause…todrop…
4.…climbdramaticallyfrom…to…
5.…constitutesabout…percent…
6.…continuetorise/fall…
7.…continuetowiden/shorten…
8.…declinestolessthan…percent.
9.…drop/falltoasmany/much/littleas…
10.…fall/rise/increase/decreasedramatically
11.…fluctuatesbetween…
12.…growonlymarginallyfrom…to…
13.…increase/decreaseslowly
14.…increase/decreaselightly
15.…isdoubled
16.…isinverselyproportionalto…
17.…issignificantlylower/higherthan…
18.…leadtoanincreasednumber/amountof…
19.…leveloff/remainconstantat…
20.…lowerthepercentageof…
21.…maintainapproximatelythesamenumberof…
22.…narrowdownto…
三.连词:
1.accordingly
2.additionally
3.also
4.besides
5.but
6.furthermore
7.however
8.inaddition
9.moreover
10.nevertheless
11.onthecontrary
12.so
13.therefore
14.thus
15.what’smore
16.yet
17.despite…
18.inspiteof…
19.otherwise
20.insteadof
21.alternatively
四.归纳用语:
1.aboveall
2.allinall
3.mostimportantly
4.worstofall
5.asaresult
6.briefly
7.consequently
8.eventually
9.finally
10.generally
11.inconclusion
12.ingeneral
13.insummary
14.toendwith
15.tosumup
16.inbrief
五.表示顺序用语:
1.first/second/third/fourth…
2.firstofall
3.firstly/secondly/thirdly/fourthly…
4.foronething/foranother
10.inthefirst/second/thirdplace
11.last/lastofall
12.lastbutnotleast
13.lastly
14.next
15.ontheonehand/ontheotherhand
16.then
17.toconclude
19.toendwith
20.tostartwith/tobeginwith
六.表示个人观点用语:
1.Ithink…
2.Inmyopinion,
3.Ipersonallythink…
4.Iamfortheopinionthat…
5.Tomyknowledge…
6.Tomyunderstanding…
7.AsIseeit,
8.Formyownpart,
9.Myopinionisthat…
10.Asforme…
11.AsfarasIamconcerned…
12.FromwhereIstand…
13.Ibelieve…
14.Iconsider…
15.Iholdtheopinion…
16.Imaintainthat…
17.I’dliketopointoutthat
18.inmypointofview…
19.Myfeelingisthat…
20.personallyIagree/disagree…
4.针对有关话题持正、反论点的议论文范文对照
ShouldWomenbeRegardedasInferiortoMen?
(1
Ineverthinkthatwomenshouldbetreatedasthesecond-classcitizens.
Observingobjectively,you’llfindthatwomenhavesucceededinvirtuallyanyexistingoccupationyoucaretoname:
politicians,soldiers,doctors,universityprofessors,lawyers,businessexecutives,scientistsandevenpresidentsofcountries.Today’sintensecompetitioninjobsisnotonlybetweenmen,butalsobetweenmenandthe’weakersex’,whohaveoftenputmentoshameinalmosteveryfield.Yetmenrefusetoacknowledgethemandgivewomentheirdue,andtheirattitudetowardswomenbecomesevenmorehostile.Theonlysoundexplanationforthisisthatmenshun(回避,躲避realcompetition-theyareafraidofbeingbeaten.
Manywomencomplainthattheylookinferiorbecausetheyhaveneverbeenofferedequalopportunitiesinjobs.Thismayhavebeentrueinthelongpast,butnotnow.Thefactisthatjobsareopentobothsexes,butitisalmostimpossibleforwomentobewives,mothersandsuccessfulcareerwomenallatonce.Actuallymostwomenaregladtoletmensupporttheirfamilies.Theyknowthatbearingandrearingchildrenaremoreimportant.Andthatiswhymenoutnumberwomeninpracticallyeverykindofjob.Theyarenotexcluded;theyexcludethemselves.(299words
ShouldWorldGovernmentsConductSeriousCampaignsAgainstSmoking?
(1
CigarettesmokinghasbeenjeopardizinghumanhealthforcenturieseversinceanEnglishnoblemanbroughttobaccofromtheNewWorldbacktoEnglandandpeopleeverywhereintheworldhavebeenpuffingtheirwaytosmokyandcancerousdeath.
Medicalfindingshavelongprovedthatthereisacloselinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdiseaseandlungcancerbecauseofthemanyharmfulingredientsinthetobacco.Yetthegovernmentsofmostcountriespretendtobeblindtothelethaleffectoftobacco:
theanswerlieswithmoney.Cigarettesmokersarebigtaxpayers.Levyingataxonyourcigarettesisjustlikelevyingataxonyourdailybread.
2
Whenpeoplesuggestthatgovernmentsshoulddosomethingtobancigarettesmokingaltogether,Idonotthinktheyarebeingserious.Itisabsurdtosuggestwebanitafterseveralhundredyears,especiallywhenyouthinkofthepossibleconsequencesbroughtaboutbysuchbanning.Banningcigarettesmokingwouldendangerthesurvivalofmanyrelatedbusinessesandindustries:
tobaccogrowers,cigarette-makingfactories,retailbusinesses.Taxapart,tobaccoindustryisanimportantsourceofincomeeventodevelopedcountries.
Afterall,smokingisnotsobadasitseemswhenyoulookatthebenefitsitbrings.
First,itismanlytosmoke.Theuniquecharmacigarettesmokerholdscouldnotbeachievedotherwise.Second,smokingmakessocialcontacteasier,particularlywhenonemeetsastranger.Third,acigaretteworkslikeadreamwhenyoutakeoneafterlonghoursofreadingorwriting,orafteratiringjob-thesoothingeffectitcreatesissimplybeyonddescription.Thosewhoareagainst
smokingoftenignorethefactthatsmokingcanrelievestressesofalongworkingday.Idonotmeanthatsmokingdoesnoharmtopeople’shealth.However,inasocietythatadvocatesfreedom,individualityanddemocracyeachindividualshouldbeentitledtodecidewhetherhequitssmokingornot;banninggoesagainstdemocracy.Manywomencomplainthattheylookinferiorbecausetheyhaveneverbeenofferedequalopportunitiesinjobs.Thismayhavebeentrueinthelongpast,butnotnow.Thefactisthatjobsareopentobothsexes,butitisalmostimpossibleforwomentobewives,mothersandsuccessfulcareerwomenallatonce.Actuallymostwomenaregladtoletmensupporttheirfamilies.Theyknowthatbearingandrearingchildrenaremoreimportant.Andthatiswhymenoutnumberwomeninpracticallyeverykindofjob.Theyarenotexcluded;theyexcludethemselves.(299wordsShouldWorldGovernmentsConductSeriousCampaignsAgainstSmoking?
(1CigarettesmokinghasbeenjeopardizinghumanhealthforcenturieseversinceanEnglishnoblemanbroughttobaccofromtheNewWorldbacktoEnglandandpeopleeverywhereintheworldhavebeenpuffingtheirwaytosmokyandcancerousdeath.Medicalfindingshavelongprovedthatthereisacloselinkbetwee
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