Unit 3 Federal Government0ld2.docx
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Unit 3 Federal Government0ld2.docx
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Unit3FederalGovernment0ld2
UnitThree
Ignoranceofthelawexcusesnomanfrompracticingit.
不知法亦不可犯法。
Justicehaslongarms.
法网恢恢,疏而不漏。
PartI
ReadingandUnderstanding
FederalGovernment
TheU.S.federalgovernmentiscomprisedofthreebranches:
theexecutivebranch;thelegislativebranch;andthejudicialbranch.
ExecutiveBranch.TheexecutivebranchincludesthePresident,theVicePresident,theCabinetandallfederaldepartments,andmostgovernmentalagencies.AllexecutivepowerofthegovernmentisvestedinthePresident,whoservesafour-yearterm.U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.1,cl1,1.ThePresidentistheCommanderinChiefofthemilitary,U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.2,cl,1,andhasprimaryauthorityoverforeignaffairs.ThePresidenthasthepowertomaketreaties,butonlywiththeapprovaloftwo-thirdsoftheU.S.Senate.U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.2,cl,2.ThePresidentalsohaspowertonominateallSupremeCourtJustices,allotherfederaljudges,ambassadors,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStates.U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.2,cl,2.ThePresidenthasthepowertovetolegislation.TheVicePresidentisalsothePresidentoftheSenate,butvotesonlyinthecaseofatievoteintheSenate.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.3,cl,4.TheVicePresidentservesthesamefour-yeartermasthePresident.U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.1,cl,1.
ThePresidentselectstheheadsofthe14governmentdepartments.ThesedepartmentsarenotspecifiedintheConstitutionandhavevariedinnameandnumberovertime.TheynowaretheDepartmentsofStates,Treasury,Defense,Justices,Interior,Agriculture,Commerce,Labor,HealthandHumanServices,HousingandUrbanDevelopment,Transportation,Energy,Education,andVeteransAffairs.TheheadsofthedepartmentsformtheCabinet,whichisthehighestadvisorygrouptothePresident.Theexecutivebranchalsoincludesdozensofgovernmentagencies.Theprimarydifferencebetweenagenciesinclude,forexample,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),theConsumerProductsSafetyCommission,theFederalTradeCommission,andtheNationalLaborRelationsBoard.TheadministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theheadofthatagency,isnotamemberoftheCabinet.
LegislativeBranch.AllfederallegislativepowersarevestedintheCongressoftheUnitedStates,whichconsistsoftwochambers:
aSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.1.Thereare100Senators,twofromeachofthefiftystates.Senatorsservesix-yearterms.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.3,cl,1,amendedbyU.S.Const.amend.ⅩⅤⅡ,sec.1.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435members,whichareapportionedbypopulation,witheachstateguaranteedatleastoneRepresentative.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.2,cl.3,amendedbyU.S.Const.amend.ⅪⅤ,sec.2.Representativesservetwo-yearterms.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ.Sec.2.cl.1.
ThepowersoftheCongressarespecificallyenumeratedintheConstitutionandinclude,amongotherthing,thepowertolayandcollecttaxes,duties,andtariffs.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.8,cl,1.Congressalsohasthepowertoregulatecommercewithforeignnations,amongtheseveralstates,andwithIndiantribes.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.8,cl,3.This“CommerceClause”providestheauthorityformostfederalregulationoftheenvironment.
Tobecomelaw,abillmustbepassedbyboththeHouseandtheSenate,andsignedbythePresident.ThePresidenthastheoptionofvetoingthelegislation,buttheCongresscanoverridethevetowithatwo-thirdsvoteofbothchambers.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.7,cl,2.
TheCongressalsohassubstantialpowersinoverseeingtheactivitiesoftheexecutivebranch.TheHouseofRepresentativeshasthesolepowertoimpeachthePresidentandotherofficers,andtheSenatethesolepowertotryimpeachment2.U.S.Const.art.Ⅰ,sec.2,cl,5&sec.3,cl.6.U.S.Congressionalcommitteesmaydemanddisclosureofinformationandrequireagencyofficialstotestifybeforethem.TheCongresshasalsoestablishedtheGeneralAccountingOffice(GAO),whichevaluatesexecutivebranchactivitiesandreportsbacktotheCongress.MostGAOreportsarepublicdocuments.
MuchofCongress’workisdonebyCongressionalcommittees.ThenumberandscopeofCongressionalcommitteescanchange,particularlywhenpoliticalcontrolofthechamberchangespartiesandwhenthejurisdictionofcommitteesoverlaps,asisoftenthecase.IntheSenate,thefollowingcommitteescurrentlyhavejurisdictionoverissuesrelatingtoenvironmentalprotectionornaturalresourceconservation:
theAgriculture,Nutrition,andForestryCommittee;theAppropriationCommittee;theCommerce,ScienceandTransportationCommittee;theEnergyandNaturalResourcesCommittee;theEnvironmentandPublicWorksCommittee;and,theGovernmentalAffairsCommittee.IntheHouseofRepresentatives,thefollowingcommitteeshavejurisdictionoverenvironmentalprotectionornaturalresourceconservation:
theAgricultureCommittee;theAppropriationCommittee;theCommerceCommittee;theGovernmentreformandOversightCommittee;theResourceCommittee;theTransportationandInfrastructureCommittee;andtheScienceCommittee.
Thefederaljudiciaryishierarchical.ThehighestcourtintheUnitedStates,andtheonlyonerequiredbytheConstitution,istheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.U.S.Const.art.Ⅲ,sec.1.TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionisthefinaldecisioninanycase.TheSupremeCourthasninemember:
aChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices.TheSupremeCourthaslimitedoriginaljurisdiction,hearingmostofitscasesonappeal3.U.S.Const.art.Ⅲ,sec.2,cl.2.Inmostcases,thelosingpartymustpetitiontheCourtthroughawritofcertiorari4tohearthecase.TheCourtvotesfirstonthewrit,requiringfouryesvotestohearthecase.
TheCircuitCourtsofAppealsarethelevelofcourtsimmediatelybelowtheSupremeCourt.TheCircuitCourtshearappealsfromtheDistrictCourts,thelowestleveloffederalcourts.ThereisoneFederalCircuitCourt,oneD.C.Circuitcourt,11otherCircuitCourts,andmorethan90DistrictCourts.TheCongresshasalsoestablishedseveralcourtsthataddressspecialtypesofcases.CasesfromthesecourtsareappealedtotheU.S.CourtofInternationalTrade,theU.S.CourtofVeteransAppeals,theInternationalTradeCommission,theBoardofContractAppeals,thePatentandTrademarkOffice,andtheMeritSystemsProtectionBoard5.CasesfromtheCourtofmilitaryAppealsareappealeddirectlytotheSupremeCourt.ThestatutecreatingthelowerfederalcourtsanddefiningtheirauthorityistheJudiciaryAct,28U.S.C.secs.1-2680
AllfederaljudgesareappointedbythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate.Federaljudgesholdtheirofficeforlife,subjecttoimpeachmentbyCongress.TheyhaveauthoritytointerprettheConstitution,allfederalstatutes,treaties,andfederaladministrativerules,buttheirauthorityislimitedtoactualcasesandcontroversies.U.S.Const.art.Ⅲ,sec.2,cl.1.Thefederalcourtsdonotprovideadvisoryopinions.Thefederalcourtsalsohaveauthoritytonaturalizepersonsas6U.S.citizensandtosettlecertainlegaldisputes,suchas:
betweencitizensofdifferentstates;betweentwoormorestates;betweenindividualandthefederalgovernment;betweenstatesandthefederalgovernment;and,betweenstatesandforeigngovernments.
NewWords
*federala.联邦的
executivea..行政的
*legislativea..立法的
*judiciala.司法的
*cabinetn.内阁,大臣
agencyn..办事机构
vestvt.授给
authorityn..权力,权威
treatyn..条约,公约
senaten.参议院
*nominatevt.提名
ambassadorvt.外交官,大使
vetovt.否定
*legislationn.立法
*tievote得票相等
specifyvt.具体说明
constitutionn.宪法
*advisorya.顾问的,参谋的
*chambern.议院
appointvt.指定,分配
guaranteevt.保证
representativen..代表
*enumeratevt.列举
layvt.制定
taxesn.税收
collectvt.收集
dutiesn.关税
*tariffsn.税则
regulatevt.规范,规定
regulationn.规则
billn.议案法案
signvt.签署
*optionn..选择
*overridevt.推翻
substantiala.实质性的
*impeachvt.弹劾
*impeachmentn.弹劾
*disclosurevt.揭露,披露
*testifyvt.作证
establishvt.成立,建立
evaluatevt.评估
documentn.文件
*scopen..范围
*jurisdictionn..管辖权
*overlapvi.重叠
conservationn..保护
*judiciaryn.司法
*hierarchicala.等级的
justicen..法官;正义,公正;司法
associaten..同伙,助手
a.副的
appealn..上诉;请求,呼吁
*petitionn..请求法庭
*writvt.移送令
*certiorarin.诉讼文件
circuitn.巡回
addressvt.处理;写姓名地址;向…讲话;发表
appealvt.上诉
*statuten..法令
definevt.规定,限定
approvevt.批准,赞同
subjecta..易受…的,常遭…的
interpretvt.解释
treatyn..条约
*administrativea.行政的
*naturalizevt.授予…以国籍
individuala.个体的,个人的
ProperNames
FederalGovernment联邦政府
ExecutiveBranch行政机构
LegislativeBranch立法机构
JudicialBranch司法机构
VicePresident副总统
Cabinet内阁
CommanderinChief总司令
SupremeCourtJustices最高法院法官
theNationalLaborRelationBoard国家劳动关系局
theHouseandtheSenate两院
CentralAccountingoffice总审计室
theGovernmentReformandOversightCommittee政府革新委员会
UnitedStatesSupremeCourt美国最高法庭
theCircuitCourtofAppeals巡回上诉法院
DistrictCourts地方法庭
theU.S.CourtofFederalClaims联邦间财务纠纷法院
theU.S.CourtofVeteransAppeals美国退伍军人上诉法院
theBoardofContractAppeals合同上诉局
thePatentandTrademarkOffice专利及商标办公室
MeritSystemsProtectionBoard功绩制保护局
theCourtofMilitaryappeals军事上诉法院
JudiciaryAct美国司法条例(法例)
PhrasesandExpressions
becomprisedof由……组成
havejurisdictionover对……有管辖权
besubjectto容易……受…支配,控制
Notes
1.U.S.Const.art.Ⅱ,sec.1,cl.1Const是constitution(宪法)的缩写形式
Art.是article的缩写形式,意为章节、部分sec是section的缩略形式
cl.是clause的缩略形式.此句译为:
美国宪法第Ⅱ章,第1部分,第1条款
2.tryimpeachment此处“try”解释为审判
3.hearingmostofitscasesonappeal此处hearing译为“审理”,以下两句出现的“hear”为同样的意思
4.awritofcertiorari败诉文件的移送令
5.MeritSystemsProtectionBoard功绩制保护局
6.nat
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