Unit 9scripts.docx

Unit 9scripts.docx

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Unit9scripts

Unit9

Part1-ActivityC-Task1

Transcripts:

Goodmorning.Let'slookforaminuteatthegreatesticonofall,LeonardodaVinci.We'reallfamiliarwithhisfantasticwork--hisdrawings,hispaintings,hisinventions,hiswritings.Butwedonotknowhisface.Thousandsofbookshavebeenwrittenabouthim,butthere'scontroversy,anditremains,abouthislooks.Eventhiswell-knownportraitisnotacceptedbymanyarthistorians.

Sowhatdoyouthink?

IsthisthefaceofLeonardodaVinciorisn'tit?

Let'sfindout.Leonardowasamanthatdreweverythingaroundhim.Hedrewpeople,anatomy,plants,animals,landscapes,buildings,water,everything.Butnofaces?

Ifindthathardtobelieve.Hiscontemporariesmadefaces,liketheonesyouseehere.Enfaceorthreequarters.SosurelyapassionatedrawerlikeLeonardomusthavemadeself-portraitsfromtimetotime.Solet'strytofindthem.

Ithinkthatifweweretoscanallofhisworkandlookforself-portraits,wewouldfindhisfacelookingatus.SoIlookedatallofhisdrawings,morethan700,andlookedformaleportraits.Thereareabout120,youseethemhere.Whichonesofthesecouldbeself-portraits?

Well,forthattheyhavetobedoneaswejustsaw,enfaceorthree-quarters.Sowecaneliminatealltheprofiles.Italsohastobesufficientlydetailed.Sowecanalsoeliminatetheonesthatareveryvagueorverystylized.AndweknowfromhiscontemporariesthatLeonardowasaveryhandsome,evenbeautifulman.Sowecanalsoeliminatetheuglyonesorthecaricatures.（Laughter）

Andlookwhathappens--onlythreecandidatesremainthatfitthebill.Andheretheyare.Yesindeed,theoldmanisthere,asisthisfamouspendrawingoftheHomoVitruvianos.Andlastly,theonlyportraitofamalethatLeonardopainted,"TheMusician."

Beforewegointothesefaces,IshouldexplainwhyIhavesomerighttotalkaboutthem.I'vemademorethan1,100portraitsmyselffornewspapers,overthecourseof300--30years,sorry,30yearsonly.（Laughter）Butthereare1,100,andveryfewartistshavedrawnsomanyfaces.SoIknowalittleaboutdrawingandanalyzingfaces.OK,nowlet'slookatthesethreeportraits.Andholdontoyourseats,becauseifwezoominonthosefaces,remarkhowtheyhavethesamebroadforehead,thehorizontaleyebrows,thelongnose,thecurvedlipsandthesmall,well-developedchin.

Icouldn'tbelievemyeyeswhenIfirstsawthat.Thereisnoreasonwhytheseportraitsshouldlookalike.Allwedidwaslookforportraitsthathadthecharacteristicsofaself-portrait,andlook,theyareverysimilar.Now,aretheymadeintherightorder?

Theyoungmanshouldbemadefirst.Andasyouseeherefromtheyearsthattheywerecreated,itisindeedthecase.Theyaremadeintherightorder.WhatwastheageofLeonardoatthetime?

Doesthatfit?

Yesitdoes.Hewas33,38and63whentheseweremade.

Sowehavethreepictures,potentiallyofthesamepersonofthesameageasLeonardoatthetime.Buthowdoweknowit'shim,andnotsomeoneelse?

Well,weneedareference.Andhere'stheonlypictureofLeonardothat'swidelyaccepted.It'sastatuemadebyVerrocchio,ofDavid,forwhichLeonardoposedasaboyof15.Andifwenowcomparethefaceofthestatue,withthefaceofthemusician,youseetheverysamefeaturesagain.Thestatueisthereference,anditconnectstheidentityofLeonardotothosethreefaces.

Ladiesandgentlemen,thisstoryhasnotyetbeenpublished.It'sonlyproperthatyouhereatTEDhearandseeitfirst.Theiconoficonsfinallyhasaface.Hereheis--LeonardodaVinci.

Part1-ActivityD-Task2

Transcripts:

ChrisAnderson:

Thankyou.Thankyou.（Applause）Thankyou.JustsoIunderstandmoreaboutTerrapower,right--Imean,firstofall,canyougiveasenseofwhatscaleofinvestmentthisis?

BilGates:

Toactuallydothesoftwarebythesupercomputer,hireallthegreatscientists,whichwe'vedone,that'sonlytensofmillions,andevenoncewetestourmaterialsoutinaRussianreactortomakesureourmaterialsworkproperly,thenyou'llonlybeupinthehundredsofmillions.Thetoughthingisbuildingthepilotreactor,findingtheseveralbillion,findingtheregulator,thelocationthatwillactuallybuildthefirstoneofthese.Onceyougetthefirstonebuilt,ifitworksasadvertised,thenit'sjustclearasday,becausetheeconomics,theenergydensity,aresodifferentthannuclearasweknowit.

CA:

Andso,tounderstanditright,thisinvolvesbuildingdeepintothegroundalmostlikeaverticalkindofcolumnofnuclearfuel,ofthissortofspenturanium,andthentheprocessstartsatthetopandkindofworksdown?

BG:

That'sright.Today,you'realwaysrefuelingthereactor,soyouhavelotsofpeopleandlotsofcontrolsthatcangowrong,thatthingwhereyou'reopeningitupandmovingthingsinandout.That'snotgood.So,ifyouhaveverycheapfuelthatyoucanput60yearsin--justthinkofitasalog--putitdownandnothavethosesamecomplexities.Anditjustsitsthereandburnsforthesixtyyears,andthenit'sdone.

CA:

It'sanuclearpowerplantthatisitsownwastedisposalsolution.

BG:

Yeah.Well,whathappenswiththewaste,youcanletitsitthere--there'salotlesswasteunderthisapproach--thenyoucanactuallytakethat,andputitintoanotheroneandburnthat.Andwestartoffactuallybytakingthewastethatexiststoday,that'ssittinginthesecoolingpoolsordrycaskingbyreactor.That'sourfueltobeginwith.So,thethingthat'sbeenaproblemfromthosereactorsisactuallywhatgetsfedintoours,andyou'rereducingthevolumeofthewastquitedramaticallyasyou'regoingthroughthisprocess.

CA:

Butinyourtalkingtodifferentpeoplearoundtheworldaboutthepossibilitieshere,whereistheremostinterestinactuallydoingsomethingwiththis?

BG:

Well,wehaven'tpickedaparticularplace,andthere'salltheseinterestingdisclosurerulesaboutanythingthat'scallednuclear,sowe'vegotalotofinterest,thatpeoplefromthecompanyhavebeeninRussia,India,China.I'vebeenbackseeingthesecretaryofenergyhere,talkingabouthowthisfitsintotheenergyagenda.SoI'moptimistic.YouknowtheFrenchandJapanesehavedonesomework.Thisisavariantonsomethingthathasbeendone.It'sanimportantadvance,butit'slikeafastreactor,andalotofcountrieshavebuiltthem,soanybodywho'sdoneafastreactor,isacandidatetobewherethefirstonegetsbuilt.

CA:

So,inyourmind,timescaleandlikelihoodofactuallytakingsomethinglikethislive?

BG:

Well,weneed,foroneofthesehigh-scale,electro-generationthingsthat'sverycheap,wehave20yearstoinventandthen20yearstodeploy.That'ssortofthedeadlinethattheenvironmentalmodelshaveshownusthatwehavetomeet.And,youknow,Terrapower,ifthingsgowell,whichiswishingforalot,couldeasilymeetthat.Andthereare,fortunatelynow,dozensofcompanies,weneedittobehundreds,who,likewise,iftheirsciencegoeswell,ifthefundingfortheirpilotplantsgoeswell,thattheycancompeteforthis.Andit'sbestifmultiplesucceed,becausethenyoucoulduseamixofthesethings.Wecertainlyneedonetosucceed.

CA:

Intermsofbig-scalepossiblegamechanges,isthisthebiggestthatyou'reawareofoutthere?

BG:

Anenergybreakthroughisthemostimportantthing.Itwouldhavebeen,evenwithouttheenvironmentalconstraint,buttheenvironmentalconstraintjustmakesitsomuchgreater.Inthenuclearspace,thereareotherinnovators.Youknow,wedon'tknowtheirworkaswellasweknowthisone,butthemodularpeople,that'sadifferentapproach.There'saliquidtypereactor,whichseemsalittlehard,butmaybetheythataboutus.Andso,therearedifferentones,butthebeautyofthisisamoleculeofuraniumhasamilliontimesasmuchenergyasamoleculeof,say,coal,andso,ifyoucandealwiththenegatives,whichareessentiallytheradiation,thefootprintandcost,thepotential,intermsofeffectonlandandvariousthings,isinalmostaclassofitsown.

CA:

Ifthisdoesn'twork,thenwhat?

Dowehavetostarttakingemergencymeasurestotryandkeepthetemperatureoftheearthstable?

BG:

Ifyougetintothatsituation,it'slikeifyou'vebeenover-eating,andyou'reabouttohaveaheart-attack.Thenwheredoyougo?

Youmayneedheartsurgeryorsomething.Thereisalineofresearchonwhat'scalledgeoengineering,whicharevarioustechniquesthatwoulddelaytheheatingtobuyus20or30yearstogetouracttogether.Now,that'sjustaninsurancepolicy.Youhopeyoudon'tneedtodothat.Somepeoplesayyoushouldn'tevenworkontheinsurancepolicybecauseitmightmakeyoulazy,thatyou'llkeepeatingbecauseyouknowheartsurgerywillbetheretosaveyou.I'mnotsurethat'swise,giventheimportanceoftheproblem,butthere'snowthegeoengineeringdiscussionabout,shouldthatbeinthebackpocketincasethingshappenfaster,orthisinnovationgoesalotslowerthanweexpect.

CA:

Climateskeptics:

ifyouhadasentenceortwotosaytothem,howmightyoupersuadethemthatthey'rewrong?

BG:

Well,unfortunately,theskepticscomeindifferentcamps.Theoneswhomakescientificargumentsareveryfew.Aretheysayingthere'snegativefeedbackeffectsthathavetodowithcloudsthatoffsetthings?

Therearevery,veryfewthingsthattheycanevensaythere'sachanceinamillionofthosethings.ThemainproblemwehavehereiskindoflikeAIDS.Youmakethemistakenow,andyoupayforitalotlater.

Andso,whenyouhaveallsortsofurgentproblems,theideaoftakingpainnowthathastodowithagainlater--andasomewhatuncer