15水下隧道主要施工方法简析英.docx
- 文档编号:8148240
- 上传时间:2023-01-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:13
- 大小:71.45KB
15水下隧道主要施工方法简析英.docx
《15水下隧道主要施工方法简析英.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《15水下隧道主要施工方法简析英.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
15水下隧道主要施工方法简析英
Thereviewofthemainconstructionmethodsoftheunderwatertunnel
XuHongfa,MaJunqing,TanHuanhuan
EngineeringInstitute,PLAUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Nanjing,China,210007,
AbstractThispapersummarizedthemainconstructionmethodsoftheunderwatertunnelandintroducedtheconceptsofminetunnelingmethod,TBMtunnelingmethod,shieldtunnelingmethodandimmersedtubemethod.Besides,itisconcernedwiththeapplyingterms,constructionworkprefaceandmeritsandshortcomingsofthemainconstructionmethodsabove.Italsobrieflyintroducestheopenexcavationmethodroundthebankandthesubmergedfloatingtunnel.Finally,thisessaycomparesimmersedtubemethodwiththeminetunnelingmethodandshieldtunnelingmethodindetail.
Keywordsunderwatertunnel;minetunnelingmethod;TBMtunnelingmethod;Shieldtunnelingmethod;immersedtubemethod;openexcavationmethodroundthebank;submergedfloatingtunnel.
0Introduction
Alongwiththedevelopmentoftheinlandriveranddeep-seashippingbusinesses,thetonnageanddensitiesofshipsinriversorgulfsbecomemoreandmorebig,therequisitionsofbridgesclearheightandspanbecomemoreandmorestrict,whichmaketheexpensesanddifficultiesofbridge’sconstructionincreasegreatly.Forthis,wehavetolookforthenewwaytocrossoverriversandstraits,whichisunderwatertunnel[1].
Tunnels[2]whichbeusedasawaytocrossriversandseas,arereplacingships.Theyarefreefromtheinfluenceofoutsideweather,rainsandwinds,waves,watercurrents,etc.andhavenolimitofnavigationheight,channelwidthetc.Sayingforthemainchanneloftheaquaticheavytraffic,theyalsohavenoworriesthatthebridgescannotadapttothedevelopmentofshipsandtheincrementoftrafficsinfuture.
Inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofsciencetechniqueandeconomiespromotesthetunnelconstructiontechniqueconsumedly.Thedevelopmentoftherockmechanicshelpstheestablishmentofthemodernprotecttheories,andNewAustrianTunnelingMethod,shallowcut-and-covermethodetc.areproducedinthisfoundation.TheTunnelBoringMachineandtheShieldMachinethatareequippedwithmoderntechniquecanadapttocertaingeologicstratafromstrongandtoughrockstratatothesoftandhydroussoil,theircredibility,usefulness,durability,flexibilityandadvancerates,makethemwidelyapplyintunnels;Intunnelconstruction,theconstructionenvironment,excavationspeedanddrill-and-blastmethodareimprovedbytheimprovementofdrillhammer,theemergenceoffullhydraulicpressureboringtrolleyandhydraulicpressurelinerbuildingtrolley,theinventionofthepowerfulequipmentsonmuckloadingandmuckhaulage,themanufactureofnewblastdevicesandthedevelopmentofblasttechniqueanddefensetechniqueetc.[3].Atthesametime,thedevelopmentofimmersedtubemethodprovidesamorevalidwaytobuildunderwatertunnels.
Currentlythereareseveralmainconstructionmethods,suchasminetunnelingmethod,TBMtunnelingmethod,shieldtunnelingmethod,immersedtubemethod,openexcavationmethodroundthebank[1].Inaddition,submergedfloatingtunnelisalsoaneligibilityprojectwhentheseaistoodeeportherockbodiesarehardtodig.
Thisessaysummarizestheabove-mentionedseveralconstructionmethodsandcommentstheirmeritsandshortcomings.
1MineTunnelingMethod(drill-and-blastmethod)
SincetheTollgateRailroadTunnelwasbuiltwiththemountaintunnelingmethodinJapanin1940s,manyunderwatertunnelsfordifferentpurposeswerebuiltintheworld.Amongthem,AomoriHakodateTunnelinJapanisthelongestunderwatertunnelintheworld,whichis53.85Kmandhasalengthof23.30kmundersea[4].Theminetunnelingmethodhasbeendevelopingquicklyforfullandlargecrosssectionexcavationbycontinuousrenewal,perfectandtheapplicationofNewAustrianTunnelingMethod,shotcreteandrockboltsupportandblastcontroltechnique.Forthis,itmakesthemachinesofmountaintunnelingmethoddevelopfacinglargescaleandhigh-efficiency.WiththeapplicationofAuxiliarymethodssuchasgroutingmethods,freezingmethodsetc.,thedrill-and-blasttechniqueisgraduallyperfectedandtheminetunnelingmethodthatissimilartoshieldtunnelingmethodandimmersedtubemethodhasbeenacharacteristicsmethodtobuildunderwatertunnels[5,6].
Theminetunnelingmethod[7]isoftenusedtobuildtunnels.Woodorsteelcomponentsareusedastemporarysupportsandtheywillbegraduallysupersededbywholeandthicklinerbuildingsthatareusedassupportsforeverwhenthetunnelisexcavatedtohaveashape.
Theminetunnelingmethodismainlyusedinhardrocktunnels,brokenrocktunnelsandshorttunnels,butitisnotidealtobuildtunnelsunderriversespeciallyunderriversofweaksoil[8].
Accordingtotheconstructionsequenceoflinings,theconstructionsequenceofthemountaintunnelingmethodisclassifiedintowall-then-archmethodandarch-then-wallmethod.
1)Wall-then-archmethod
Usuallyconcreteliningsarecastfromthebottomupafterthetunnelisexcavatedtohaveashapeinwall-then-archmethod.Theconstructionspeedofwall-then-archmethodisquick,themutualinterferenceofeachworkingprocedureandeachworkingfaceissmall,theintegralityofliningstructuresiswellandtheenduranceofforcesisstrong.
2)Arch-then-wallmethod
Theprocessofthearch-then-wallmethodisthat:
thetunnelisexcavatedunderthecoverofarchcirclesandliningsareplacedonborderwallsafterthetopofthetunnelhasbeenexcavatedtohaveashapeandliningshavebeenplacedonarches.Thespeedofthearch-then-wallmethodisslowanditisdifficulttoconstructatthetopofthetunnel.Butiftheconstructionofarchisfinished,otherconstructionsaresafeandfast.Theintegralityofliningstructureandtheenduranceofforcesarebad.Andbecausethesedimentationofliningstructureofarchislarge,theangleofarchisbig,theworkloadofexcavationbecomedifficult.
Thebasicprinciplesoftheminetunnelingmethod[7]arethat:
lessdisturbance,earliersupport,carefulreplacement,quicklining.
1)Lessdisturbancemeansthatthetimes,intensityanddurationofdisturbanceonrocksshouldbereducedasfaraspossiblewhenthetunnelisexcavated.
2)Earliersupportmeansthattemporarycomponentsshouldbebuiltintimetosupportsurroundingrocksandtopreventlargerdistortionandrelaxation.
3)Carefulreplacementmeansthatthecollapseofsurroundingrocksshouldbeavoidedduringtheprocessofreplacement.
4)Quickliningmeansthatpermanentconcreteliningshouldbebuiltintimeandshouldtakepartinworkasearlyaspossiblewhiletemporarysupportsaredismissed.
Theadvantagesoftheminetunnelingmethod:
itcanadapttothedifferentgeologyconditionalvarietyandtunnelcrosssections,itcanexcavatebothhardrocksandsoftrocks,anditisascendantwhenthetunnellengthisnotover3Km.
Thedisadvantagesoftheminetunnelingmethod:
theworkingproceduresaremoreandtheycan'tbeconstructedatthesametime,thespeedofexcavationisslower,thedisturbanceofsurroundingrocksislargerandtheinfluencetoenvironmentisalsolarger.
2TBMTunnelingMethod
SinceAmericanRobbinscompanyproducedthefirsttunnelboringmachinein1952,thefullcrosssectionrocktunnelboringmachineshavealreadydevelopedover50yearsandthetechniquehasalreadymatured.AndTBMsareoftenusedintunnelsespeciallyintunnelsthatthelengthisover3Kmallovertheworld[9].SuchastheChunnelthatconnectsEnglandandFrance,thetotallengthofthreetunnelsis156Km,theywereexcavatedwith11TBMsandittookonlythreeyearsandahalftofinish.
Thefullcrosssectionrocktunnelboringmachineisastandardnamethatisnameduniformlybythenation;itisalsocalledtunnelboringmachineandTBMforshort.TheTBM[9]isakindofbigengineeringmachinewhichcanexcavatetunnelcrosssectiontohaveashapeatatime.Itisdrivenbytheelectricmotorandclampdownonthecutterheadviathecircumrotationofprincipalaxis,whichmakesthecutterheadcomeclosetothesurroundingrocksandbreakrocksbycircularhobs.Itisalsooneofthemachinesthathavedevelopmentpotentialintheexcavationofrocktunnelscurrently.Thefullcrosssectiontunnelboringmachineincludestwokinds:
openTBMandshieldTBM.
Alongwiththeprogressofdesignandfabrication,thedevelopmentofconstructiontechniqueandmanagement,TBMsareusedinconstructionfromhardrockstosoftrocks.
TheworkingprocessoffullcrosssectionTBMs:
preparationwork→excavation→outsidetubeliningorearlyshoring→advance→thedisposalofgroutingoutsideoftubesorlining2ndtimeetc.
TheadvantagesofTBMtunnelingmethod[10~13]:
1)Safety.ThecrosssectionsexcavatedbyTBMsaregenerallycircularsotheirstabilityisgoodandtheycanendureheavierpressure.Thepossibilitythatsurroundingrocksbecomeflexibleorbreakdownisreducedwiththemethodofcuttingandmoldingsbymachines.
2)Fast.Accordingtotheresultofusage,inthehomogeneousrockyterrains,advanceratescan
generallyreach:
2m/hinsoftrocks,1m/hinmediumhardrocks,and0.5m/hinhardrocks.Intheworld'srecordoftunnels,advanceratesofdrill-and-blastmethodis1237.8m/monthandadvanceratesofTBMtunnelingmethodis2088m/month.ItisgenerallythoughtthatadvanceratesofTBMtunnelingmethodcanraise2~2.5timescomparedwithdrill-and-blastmethod.
3)Economy.ThecrosssectionexcavatedbyTBMsisneat,theholewallissmoothanddonothaveblaststress,soitdonotneedtobuildtemporaryshoringinhardrocksoritcanbesupportedbyan
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 15 水下 隧道 主要 施工 方法 简析英